{"id":17789,"date":"2025-09-13T04:31:07","date_gmt":"2025-09-13T03:31:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/?page_id=17789"},"modified":"2025-09-13T04:41:45","modified_gmt":"2025-09-13T03:41:45","slug":"influence-of-social-media-utilization-on-self-esteem-of-female-undergradutes-in-nigeria-universities","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/eduphoria-vol-03-issue-02\/influence-of-social-media-utilization-on-self-esteem-of-female-undergradutes-in-nigeria-universities\/","title":{"rendered":"Influence Of Social Media Utilization On Self-Esteem Of Female Undergradutes In Nigeria Universities"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"17789\" class=\"elementor elementor-17789\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f756f6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f756f6e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ec4708\" data-id=\"6ec4708\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f9080a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8f9080a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Influence Of Social Media Utilization On Self-Esteem Of Female Undergradutes In Nigeria Universities<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13cecd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13cecd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria, serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Mr. Joseph Kayode Adeyemi\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;\">Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, O<\/span><span style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;\">ndo State<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d782b8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d782b8f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04d777\" data-id=\"e04d777\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52596cc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"52596cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-37dc707 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"37dc707\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3860287\" data-id=\"3860287\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5fe3bd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e5fe3bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2411\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2411\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2412\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">About Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2413\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Impact Statement<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2414\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite this Article<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2415\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2415\" aria-expanded=\"false\">DOI:HTTPS:\/\/DOI.ORG\/10.59231\/EDUPHORIA\/230449 <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2411\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2411\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2411\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">About Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2412\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2412\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Mr. Joseph Kayode Adeyemi is an academic and researcher affiliated with the Department of Guidance and Counselling, Faculty of Education, at Adekunle Ajasin University in Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria. His research interests include a range of topics in education and psychology, such as the impact of social factors like street hawking and truancy on academic performance, as well as the effects of internet addiction on students. He has also contributed to studies on classroom effectiveness and the role of spiritual counseling in adolescent development. As an Assistant Lecturer and a member of several professional organizations, Mr. Adeyemi is actively involved in scholarly work and is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in Counselling Psychology. His publications have appeared in both local and international journals.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Impact Statement<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2413\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2413\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The study contributes valuable empirical data to the fields of psychology, sociology, and media studies within the African context, addressing a notable gap in existing literature. It provides a foundation for future research on digital well-being, social comparison theory, and the specific socio-cultural factors that influence online behavior among Nigerian youth. The methodology can also serve as a blueprint for similar studies across other African nations.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite this Article<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2414\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2414\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">APA 7th Edition<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Adeyemi, J. K. (2025). Influence of social media utilization on self-esteem of female undergraduates in Nigerian universities. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Eduphoria-An International Multidisciplinary Magazine<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">(3), 115\u2013123. <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/EDUPHORIA\/230449\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #0563c1; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/EDUPHORIA\/230449<\/span><\/a><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">MLA 9th Edition<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Adeyemi, Joseph Kayode. &#8220;Influence of Social Media Utilization on Self-Esteem of Female Undergraduates in Nigerian Universities.&#8221; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Eduphoria-An International Multidisciplinary Magazine<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, vol. 3, no. 3, [2025], pp. 115\u201323, <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/EDUPHORIA\/230449\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #0563c1; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/EDUPHORIA\/230449<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Chicago 17th Edition<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\">\u00a0<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Adeyemi, Joseph Kayode. &#8220;Influence of Social Media Utilization on Self-Esteem of Female Undergraduates in Nigerian Universities.&#8221; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Eduphoria-An International Multidisciplinary Magazine<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> 3, no. 3 (2025): 115\u201323. <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/EDUPHORIA\/230449\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #0563c1; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/EDUPHORIA\/230449<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2415\" aria-expanded=\"false\">DOI:HTTPS:\/\/DOI.ORG\/10.59231\/EDUPHORIA\/230449 <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2415\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2415\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-05b205b\" data-id=\"05b205b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ab302f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9ab302f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/104.-INFLUENCE-OF-SOCIAL-MEDIA-UTILIZATION.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">View PDF<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-057e04a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"057e04a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1199d65\" data-id=\"1199d65\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bb8521 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6bb8521\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-29e30ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"29e30ba\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b7d69be\" data-id=\"b7d69be\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0d080a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d0d080a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria,serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Abstract<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria,serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The paper examined the influence of social media on the self-esteem of female undergraduates. The population of the study comprised all the female undergraduates of Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko in Ondo State. The study sample consisted of 100 female undergraduates. The participants were selected based on purposive sampling and willingness to participate and the data was obtained through structured questionnaire. A qualitative methodological design was used in order to allow meaning to emerge. The results were then presented in an interpretative and descriptive manner. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to determine the correlation coefficient which was 0.65. Three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The hypotheses were tested using t-test and regression analysis. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between social media and self-esteem of female undergraduates. There was a significant influence of age on the relationship between social media and self-esteem amongst female undergraduates. In addition, the study showed there was a significant relationship between the frequency of use of social media and self-esteem amongst female undergraduates. The study concluded that social media influenced the self-esteem of female undergraduates, social media has brought a lot of advantages to the society and has greatly increase social relationship among all people. However, the self-esteem of undergraduates has been greatly influenced, most especially female undergraduates, due to the fact that, there is little or no restrictions to the extent they go with it. It was recommended amongst others that<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria,serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">there should be age limit in the use of social media to avoid counter-attack on moral development of adolescent.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria,serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Keywords: <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria,serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Self-esteem, social media, female, undergraduate.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bf428ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bf428ac\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51348a7\" data-id=\"51348a7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-809d045 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"809d045\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Read Full Article<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1341\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Introduction<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">The world today seems to be celebrating the improvements in communication technology which has broadened the scope of communication through information and communication technologies (ICTs). Modern technology in communication no doubt has turned the entire world into a \u201cGlobal village\u201d. But as it is, technology like two sides of a coin, bring with it both negative and positive sides. It helps people to be better informed, enlightened, and keeping abreast with world developments. Technology exposes mankind to a better way of doing things. Social networking sites include: twitter, yahoo messenger, skype, google talk, google messenger, Facebook messenger, blackberry messenger (BBM), WhatsApp messenger, 2go messenger, iPhone and androids. These networking sites are used by most people to interact with old and new friends, physical or internet friends. The world has been changed rapidly by the evolution of technology; this has resulted into the use of technology as the best medium to explore the wide area of knowledge.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">The evolution of internet technology appears to have led to its use as the best medium for communication whereby, two-third of the world\u2019s internet population visits social networking or blogging sites, thus serving as communication and connection tool. Social networking sites (SNSs) are online communities of internet users who want to communicate with other users about areas of mutual interest, whether from a personal, business or academic perspective (William, 2009). The millions of social networking sites have transformed the thought of global village into a reality whereby billions of people communicate through social networking sites. Numerous benefits have been obtained through distant communication through the use of social networking sites.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Social network websites provide ease of connecting people to one another; free of cost and after connecting one can post news, informative material and other things including videos and pictures and so on. Wiley and Sisson (2006) argued that the previous studies have found that more than 90% of tertiary school students use social networks. In the same way Ellison et al (2007) stated that the students use social networking websites approximately 30 minutes throughout the day as a part of their daily routine life. This statement shows the importance of social networking sites in student\u2019s life. Lenhart and Madden (2007) revealed through a survey that students strongly recommend social networking websites to stay in touch with friends to keep informed and aware.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Social media appears to have both positive and negative effects on self-esteem, often depending on the nature of feedback. The use of different media interfaces such as mobile phones, the Internet, and online gaming engages children and undergraduates in observational learning of how to interact with others and in actual social interactions with others (Calvert, 2015). Undergraduates use multiple social media sites daily that allow them to upload and disseminate different types of information about themselves.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Undergraduate self-esteem is shaped by what they think and feel about themselves. Their self-esteem is highest when they see themselves as approximating their &#8220;ideal&#8221; self, the person they would like to be.&nbsp; Undergraduates who have high self-esteem have an easier time handling conflicts, resisting negative pressures, making friends, they laugh and smile more and have a generally optimistic view of the world, their life and their career prospect.&nbsp; Undergraduates with low self-esteem have a difficult time dealing with problems, are overly self-critical, and can become passive, withdrawn, and depressed. They may hesitate to try new things, may speak negatively about themselves, are easily frustrated, and often see temporary problems as permanent conditions. They are pessimistic about themselves their life and career prospect.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Different forms of media expose undergraduates to a wide variety of content, some good and some bad. Media can serve as a platform for educational lessons, but also violent behaviour and sexual expression. Both foreground media exposure and background media<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"><br><\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">exposure can be harmful to the development of children and undergraduates. Media has been<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"><br><\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">shown to be distracting, an interruption to daily activities and concentration, and a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"><br><\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">constant stream of stimulation (Calvert, 2015).<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Self-esteem is an individual\u2019s attitude about him or herself, involving self-evaluation along a positive negative dimension.&nbsp; It is an individual\u2019s overall positive evaluation to the self.&nbsp; they described social self-esteem as the degree to which undergraduates \u201cfeel accepted and liked by their friends and peers and feel successful in forming and maintaining friendships\u201d. It is composed of two distinct dimensions, competence and worth. The competence dimension refers to the degree to which people see themselves as capable and efficacious. The worth dimensions refer to the degree to which individuals feel they are the persons to be valued. (Carrie 1995).<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:10pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Social information processing theory is an interpersonal communication theory which suggests that online interpersonal relationship development might require more time to develop than face-to-face relationships, but when developed, it has the same influence as face-to-face communication. This means, the more students use social networking sites, the more they influence their disposition to studies, given the fact that friends from social media will begin to exert influence on each other.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Results of Valkenburg (2017) whose three-wave panel survey showed a positive relationship between undergraduates\u2019 (i.e., between 10 and 15 years old) social self-esteem and social media use. There was no evidence that social media site use significantly increased their social self-esteem, as contrastingly, results from the study yielded support for the idea that higher social self-esteem among participants was correlated with an increase in the use of social media sites.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Burrows and Rainone (2017), in their study of undergraduates, found that a sense of purpose (having an ongoing motivation that is self-directed, oriented toward the future, and beneficial to others) acted as a moderator for the impact of feedback on social media on self-esteem. The results of this research provide support for the idea that if parents begin fostering the idea of a sense of purpose in older and younger undergraduates through volunteering, sports, creative arts, clubs, or other activities as they are developing self-esteem, this could potentially act as a moderator between self-esteem and engaging in social media in adulthood and possibly prove to affect them as they develop through adolescence.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Russello (2009) conducted a study regarding the impact of media exposure on the self-esteem and body satisfaction in men and women. Social media has a variety of information, most of which could be beneficial and destructive on self-esteem of young women and men at university. As such it would be of great relevance to examine the impact of social media on the self-esteem of female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Statement of the Problem<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">The world today is a global market in which the internet is the most important sort of information. Since the advent of social networking sites in the 1990s, it is assumed in some quarters that the academic performance of students is facing a lot of neglect and challenges. The educational system in Nigeria is faced with so many challenges which have certainly brought about a rapidly decline in the quality of education. There are a deviation, distraction and divided attention between social networking activities and their self-esteem, students\u2019 addictiveness to social networks, students\u2019 frequency of exposure to social network. Some are so carried away that even as they are walking along the high way chatting.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Social media has a variety of information, most of which could be beneficial and<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"><br><\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">destructive on self-esteem of female undergraduates at university. Despite a number of cases indicating that social media gives out information as a platform to young undergraduates, a number of them are being affected psychologically and physically as a result of their interaction with the social media platform. Many undergraduates in Nigeria lack adequate information about themselves. The high or low self-esteem undergraduate could over estimate or under estimate him\/herself, which could lead to a wrong social prospect or vice-versa. As such it would be of great relevance to examine the influence of social media on the self-esteem of female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Purpose of the Study&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">The main purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of social media on self-esteem amongst female undergraduates in Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko. More specifically the study is designed to:<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">1. find the relationship between social media and self-esteem amongst female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">2. investigate the influence of age on the relationship between social media and self-esteem amongst female undergraduates&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">3. weigh the impact of frequency of use of social media and self-esteem amongst female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Research Hypotheses<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">The following research hypotheses were formulated to guide the study;<\/span><\/p><ol style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;\"><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">There is no significant relationship between social media on self-esteem of female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">There is no significant influence of age on the relationship between social media on self-esteem amongst female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">There is no significant relationship between the frequency of use of social media on self-esteem amongst female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Methodology&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">This study adopted a descriptive survey research design. It is a form of descriptive design that uses a representative sample to collect data for systematic description of existing situation or phenomenon. The population consisted of all employees in tertiary institution in Ondo State. A simple random sampling technique was used to choose the sample for the study. The sample of the study consisted of 100 female undergraduates across Ondo State. The instrument for data collection was a self-constructed questionnaire titled \u201csocial media and Self-Esteem. 120 copies of the questionnaire were distributed and 100 were returned. The instrument was divided into sections; section A contain personal data of the respondents. While section B contain the item to answer the question raised. The face and content validity of the instrument was ascertained by the researchers. Test-retest technique was used by the researcher; the questionnaire was distributed to some sample of twenty undergraduates in Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA). After four-week interval the same instrument was re-administered to the same set of undergraduates and Pearson product moment correlation was used to determine the correlation coefficient which was 0.58 which certified that the questionnaire was reliable. Data were analysed using frequency count, percentage and Chi-square.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Results<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Research Hypothesis One: <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">There is no significant relationship between social media and self-esteem of female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Table 1:<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"> Test of significant relationship between social media and self-esteem of female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left:0pt;\" align=\"center\"><table style=\"border:none;border-collapse:collapse;\"><colgroup><col width=\"14\"><col width=\"92\"><col width=\"48\"><col width=\"60\"><col width=\"78\"><col width=\"60\"><col width=\"108\"><col width=\"96\"><\/colgroup><tbody><tr style=\"height:26.9pt\"><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Variable&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">N<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Mean<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Std.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Deviation<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Df<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">t-cal<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">p-value<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:21.7pt\"><td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><br><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Social media<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">61<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">3.00<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.183<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">98<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">1.77<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">0.000<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:26.9pt\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Self-esteem&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">39<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">3.05<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.250<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><br><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><br><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><br><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p><b style=\"font-weight:normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Table 1 showed t-calculated of 1.85 which is greater than the tabulated value. Therefore, the hypothesis is rejected. This implies that there was a significant relationship between social media and self-esteem of female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Research Hypothesis Two: <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">There is no significant influence of age on the relationship between social media and self-esteem amongst female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Table 2: <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Regression table showing significant influence of age on the relationship between social media and self-esteem amongst female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left:0pt;\" align=\"center\"><table style=\"border:none;border-collapse:collapse;\"><colgroup><col width=\"1\"><col width=\"48\"><col width=\"19\"><col width=\"73\"><col width=\"10\"><col width=\"85\"><col width=\"4\"><col width=\"90\"><col width=\"9\"><col width=\"114\"><col width=\"85\"><col width=\"5\"><col width=\"70\"><\/colgroup><tbody><tr style=\"height:0pt\"><td colspan=\"13\" style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><br><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:0pt\"><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 2pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">R<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">R Square<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Adjusted R Square<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Std. Error of the Estimate<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:0pt\"><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 2pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.476<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super;\">a<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.626<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.211<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.60679<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:0pt\"><td colspan=\"13\" style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Table 2b:<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"> Regression table showing relative co-efficient.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:0pt\"><td colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 2pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Model<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 2pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Unstandardized Coefficients<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Standardized Coefficients<\/span><\/p><\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">T<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Sig.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:0pt\"><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 2pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">B<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Std. Error<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Beta<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:0pt\"><td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 2pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><br><\/td><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-right:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">15-17 years<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 2pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">6.365<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">1.894<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><br><\/td><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">3.361<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.001<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:0pt\"><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-right:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">18-20 years&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 2pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.184<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.068<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">-.181<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">2.689<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.008<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:0pt\"><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-right:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">21-22 years&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 2pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.233<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.081<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.194<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">2.864<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.005<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:0pt\"><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-right:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">23-25 years<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 2pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.420<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.196<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.141<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">2.146<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.033<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:0pt\"><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 2pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><br><\/td><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-right:solid #000000 2pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">25 and above&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 2pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.646<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.142<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.296<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">4.542<\/span><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 2pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.000<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:0pt\"><td style=\"border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><br><\/td><td colspan=\"11\" style=\"border-top:solid #000000 2pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">From table 3, 15-17 years, 18-20 years, 21-22 years 23-25 years and 25 years and above contributed 18.1%, 19.4%, 14.1% and 29.6% respectively to the prediction of self-esteem, 18-20 years was the highest predictor of self-esteem among female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Research Hypothesis Three: <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">There is no significant relationship between the frequency of use of social media and self-esteem amongst female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Table 3:<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"> Test of significant relationship between the frequency of use of social media and self-esteem amongst female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left:0pt;\" align=\"center\"><table style=\"border:none;border-collapse:collapse;\"><colgroup><col width=\"14\"><col width=\"92\"><col width=\"47\"><col width=\"85\"><col width=\"116\"><col width=\"55\"><col width=\"73\"><col width=\"89\"><\/colgroup><tbody><tr style=\"height:26.9pt\"><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Performance<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">N<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Mean<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Std.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Deviation<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Df<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">t-cal<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">p-value<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:21.7pt\"><td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><br><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">100L<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">61<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">3.00<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.183<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">98<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">1.44<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">0.000<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:26.9pt\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">400L<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">39<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">3.05<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">.250<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><br><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><br><\/td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;\"><br><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Table 3 showed t-calculated of 0.000 which is greater than the tabulated value. Therefore, the hypothesis is rejected. This implies that there was a significant relationship between the frequency of use of social media and self-esteem amongst female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Discussion of findings<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">The findings of hypothesis one revealed that there was a significant relationship between social media and self-esteem of female undergraduates. This is in line with Cusumano &amp; Thompson (1997) who found that the media does have an influence on the both sexes but the sex that it influenced more were the female. This is because female undergraduates were more attracted by pictorial contents and self-revealing gesture.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">The findings of hypothesis two revealed that there was a significant influence of age on the relationship between social media and self-esteem amongst female undergraduates. This is in line with Shetata (2017) observes that the Middle Ages from 18-20 and this study shows that the young generations are more interested and motivated to make a change.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">&nbsp;The findings of hypothesis three revealed there was a significant relationship between the frequency of use of social media and self-esteem amongst female undergraduates. This is in line with Blomfield Neira and Barber (1986) who found that compared the levels of self-esteem of those with and without a social media profile and found that females who had a social media site profile demonstrated lower self-esteem when compared to females who did not have a profile on a social media site.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">The study concluded that social media influenced the self-esteem of female undergraduates, it has advantages and has greatly increase social relationship among all people. Social media has also made the world a global village, where you can as well meet people. However, the self-esteem of undergraduates has been greatly influenced, most especially female undergraduates, due to the fact that, they prefer to be noticed and appreciated more than their male counterpart.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Recommendations<\/span><\/p><ol style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;\"><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Social media usage should be regulated at all level of use to reduce its negative influence on female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">There should be age limit in the use of social media to avoid counter-attack on moral development of female undergraduates.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Social media use should be curbed to reduce the frequency of use, because most of the undergraduates are already addicted to using social media.<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><p><b style=\"font-weight:normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">REFERENCES<\/span><\/p><p><\/p><ol style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-inline-start:48px;\"><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Bandura, A. (1997). <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Self-efficacy: The exercise of self-control<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">. Freeman.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Blomfield Neira, C. J., &amp; Barber, B. L. (2014). Social networking site use: Linked to undergraduates\u2019 social self-concept, self-esteem and depressed mood. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Australian Journal of Psychology<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">(1), 56\u201364. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajpy.12034\" style=\"text-decoration:none;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#0563c1;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:none;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajpy.12034<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Boyd, D. (2008). Why youth heart social networking sites: The roles of networked publics in teenage social life. In D. Buckingham (Ed.), <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Youth, identity and digital media<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"> (pp. 119\u2013142). The MIT Press.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Burrow, A. L., &amp; Rainone, N. (2017). How many likes did I get? Purpose moderates links between positive social media feedback and self-esteem. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Journal of Experimental Social Psychology<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">69<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, 232\u2013236. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2016.09.005\" style=\"text-decoration:none;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#0563c1;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:none;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2016.09.005<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Calvert, S. L., &amp; Wartella, E. A. (2014). Children and electronic media. In E. Greshoff, R. Mistry, &amp; D. Crosby (Eds.), <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Societal contexts of child development: Pathways of influence and implications for practice and policy<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"> (pp. 175\u2013187). Oxford University Press.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Harter, D. (2006). The development of self-esteem. In M. H. 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Psychology Press.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Huston, A. C., Wright, J. C., Rice, M. L., Kerkman, D., &amp; St. Peters, M. (1990). The development of television viewing patterns in early childhood: A longitudinal investigation. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Developmental Psychology<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">26<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">(3), 409\u2013420. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.26.3.409\" style=\"text-decoration:none;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#0563c1;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:none;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.26.3.409<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Koutamanis, M., Voosen, H. G. M., &amp; Valkenburg, P. (2015). Undergraduates\u2019 comments in social media: Why do undergraduates receive negative feedback and who is most at risk? <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Computers in Human Behavior<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">(3), 486\u2013494.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Lenhart, A. (2015a). <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Teens, social media &amp; technology overview<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">. Retrieved from Pew<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., &amp; Calvert, S. L. (2009). College students\u2019 social networking on Facebook. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">29<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, 227\u2013238. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appdev.2008.12.010\" style=\"text-decoration:none;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#0563c1;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:none;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appdev.2008.12.010<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Research Internet, Science, &amp; Tech Website<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:none;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Rosenberg, M. (1965). <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Society and the undergraduate self-image<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">. Princeton University Press.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Thompson, S. H., &amp; Lougheed, E. (2012). Frazzled by Facebook? An exploratory study of gender differences in social network communication among undergraduate men and women. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">College Student Journal<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">46<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">(1), 88\u201398.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Valkenburg, P. M., Koutamanis, M., &amp; Vossen, H. G. M. (2017). The concurrent and longitudinal relationship between undergraduates\u2019 use of social network sites and their social self-esteem. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Computers in Human Behavior<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">76<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, 35\u201341. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.07.008\" style=\"text-decoration:none;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#0563c1;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:none;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.07.008<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., &amp; Schouten, A. P. (2006). Friend networking sites and their relationship to undergraduates\u2019 well-being and social self-esteem. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Cyberpsychology and Behavior<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">(5), 584\u2013590. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.584\" style=\"text-decoration:none;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#0563c1;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:none;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.584<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., &amp; Walther, J. B. (2016). Media effects: Theory and research. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Annual Review of Psychology<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">67<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, 315\u2013338. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033608\" style=\"text-decoration:none;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#0563c1;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:none;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033608<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type:decimal;font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;margin-left: -18pt;padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.7999999999999998;text-align: justify;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., R\u00e9sibois, M., Jonides, J., &amp; Kross, E. (2017). Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Social Issues and Policy Review<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">11<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">(1), 274\u2013302. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sipr.12033\" style=\"text-decoration:none;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#0563c1;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:none;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sipr.12033<\/span><\/a> <\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ecf6f2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ecf6f2c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-58aeb1e\" data-id=\"58aeb1e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a13ff7 elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"4a13ff7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/eduphoria-vol-03-issue-02\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Back<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Influence Of Social Media Utilization On Self-Esteem Of Female Undergradutes In Nigeria Universities Mr. Joseph Kayode Adeyemi\u00a0 Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State About Authors Impact Statement Cite this Article DOI:HTTPS:\/\/DOI.ORG\/10.59231\/EDUPHORIA\/230449 About Authors Mr. Joseph Kayode Adeyemi is an academic and researcher affiliated with the Department of Guidance and Counselling, Faculty of Education, at Adekunle [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":17032,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"postBodyCss":"","postBodyMargin":[],"postBodyPadding":[],"postBodyBackground":{"backgroundType":"classic","gradient":""},"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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