{"id":4165,"date":"2023-10-28T06:49:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-28T05:49:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/icertpublication.com\/?page_id=4165"},"modified":"2023-11-05T08:21:19","modified_gmt":"2023-11-05T08:21:19","slug":"classroom-management-a-determinant-of-effective-teaching-and-learning-of-languages-in-secondary-schools-in-ondo-state-nigeria","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/edu-mania\/edumania-vol-1-issue-3\/classroom-management-a-determinant-of-effective-teaching-and-learning-of-languages-in-secondary-schools-in-ondo-state-nigeria\/","title":{"rendered":"Classroom Management; a Determinant of Effective Teaching and Learning of Languages in Secondary Schools in Ondo State, Nigeria"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4165\" class=\"elementor elementor-4165\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7663b39 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7663b39\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ec9ab3\" data-id=\"8ec9ab3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c18db51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c18db51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classroom Management; a Determinant of Effective Teaching and Learning of Languages in Secondary Schools in Ondo State, Nigeria\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1392e1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1392e1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; margin-left: -0.1pt; text-indent: -0.1pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.1pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ayo-Oladapo, Esther Olajumoke<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">1<\/span><\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; margin-left: -0.1pt; text-indent: -0.1pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.1pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Abu, Ishau Olaoluwa<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">2<\/span><\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; margin-left: -0.1pt; text-indent: -0.1pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.1pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ifejuowo, Modupe Iyanuoluwa<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">3<\/span><\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; margin-left: -0.1pt; text-indent: -0.1pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.1pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">1,2, &amp;3<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Faculty of Education, Department of Arts Education, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3db1e44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3db1e44\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ab05ac3\" data-id=\"ab05ac3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc3f88d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc3f88d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Abstract<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cda532f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cda532f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">The study examined the concept of classroom management as a determinant of effect teaching and learning of languages in secondary schools in Ondo State, Nigeria. From the statement of the problem, three purposes were listed leading to the formation of two research questions and two hypotheses. The study adopted descriptive survey research design with a population of principals\u2019 teachers and students in selected secondary schools in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. A sample of two hundred and fifty (255) respondents (5 Principals, 50 teachers and 200 students) were randomly selected to participate in the research process. The collected data were analyzed descriptively and statistically with the use of appropriate statistic package of frequency counts, simple percentages, mean and standard deviation to analyses the research questions and inferential statistic to test the hypotheses.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Based on the result of the findings, it was revealed that there is significant influence of classroom management on students\u2019 academic performance. Also, there is significant relationship between the academic performance of language students and effective classroom management.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Based on the findings it was concluded that classroom management is very important at all levels of education especially in the primary and secondary schools where high level of students\u2019 attention is needed for effective teaching and learning. Hence, it was recommended that teachers should ensure that they create conducive learning environment for the students to learn and be able to develop a positive attitude towards schooling.<\/p><p class=\"p1\"><b>Keywords<\/b>: <i>Classroom, effective teaching, academic performance and classroom management.<\/i><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0c7a65c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0c7a65c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6da8042\" data-id=\"6da8042\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4241d84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4241d84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Impact Statement<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15e9f07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15e9f07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Effective classroom management is crucial for fostering the teaching and learning of languages in the classroom. A well-managed classroom helps to reduce disruptions, improve students\u2019 engagement, and enhance the overall learning experience. In Ondo State, Nigeria, where the language of instruction is predominantly English, effective classroom management is crucial for promoting the acquisition of English language skills. Findings from this study indicate that classroom management is a determinant of effective teaching and learning of languages in secondary schools in Ondo State, Nigeria. Conducive environments with effective classroom management reduce students\u2019 misbehaviour and encourage an appreciation for excellence in the classroom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5279c98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5279c98\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-991b3c1\" data-id=\"991b3c1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-caf4fa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"caf4fa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About The Author<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f95019 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f95019\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Dr. Esther Olajumoke, Ayo-Oladapo is a lecturer 1 at the department of Arts Education, Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State. She is an Executive Director, Institute of Family Life and Societal Development of Centre for Blissful Home Initiative and a former Co-ordinator of Ondo State French Language Resource Centre. She is a researcher in the field of education, language education with a special interest in French language, language policy\/ curriculum planning and implementation. She has authored books, chapters in books and journal articles nationally and internationally.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Ishau Olaoluwa, Abu is a researcher in the field of Arts Education. He is an analyst and founder of Ultimate Ola Educational Consultant. Through his research work in art and history education, he has fostered a deeper appreciation for the connections between the visual arts and historical inquiry. He is committed to collaborate with fellow educators, historians, artists, and researchers to create innovative and culturally rich history education experiences that inspire a lifelong passion for learning.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Modupe Iyanuoluwa, Ifejuowo is a graduate of Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba Akoko, Ondo State with a bachelor degree in Arts Education (English Education). She is a researcher in the field of education and English language education whose work has contributed knowledge to education. Her work has served as a resource material to other researchers in her filed of interest.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f65afd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f65afd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66033c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66033c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agbabi, C. O., Onyeike, V. C., &amp; Wali, W. I. (2013). Classroom management: A practical approach. University of Port Harcourt press.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Akpakwu S. O. (2016). Essentials of Educational Management. Makurdi Jalim Press Nig. Ltd.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Baker, P. H. (2005). Managing student behaviour: How ready are teachers to meet the challenge? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American secondary Education<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 33 (3), 51-64<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bassey,\u00a0B.\u00a0A.\u00a0(2012).\u00a0A\u00a0Wider\u00a0View\u00a0of\u00a0Classroom\u00a0Management.\u00a0Uyo:\u00a0Ekong\u00a0Publishing\u00a0House,\u00a0Nigeria.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dollard, N., &amp; Christensen, L. (2008). Constructive classroom management. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Focus on exceptional children,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 29(2), 1-2.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dooloard, G.S. (2004). National policy on education (4th Edition.). Lagos: Federal Ministry of Education NERDC 7-21.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Durden, G. C., &amp; Ellis, L. V. (2005). The effect of attendance on student learning in principles of economic. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Economic Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 85, 343-346.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emmer, E.T. &amp; Stough, L. M. (2001). Classroom management: A critical part of educational psychology, with implications for teacher education. Educational Psychologist, 36 (2), 103 \u2013 112.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hart, R.\u00a0 (2010). Classroom behaviour management: Educational psychologists\u2019 views on effective practice.\u00a0 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 15, 353-371.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Huong, P. (2011). Theory based instructional models applied in classroom contexts. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literacy information and computer education journal<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 2(2), 406-415.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kern, L.\u00a0 &amp; Clemens, N.\u00a0 H. (2007).\u00a0 Antecedent strategies to promote appropriate classroom behavior.\u00a0 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Psychology in the Schools<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 44, 65-75.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Little, S.\u00a0 G., &amp; Akin-Little, A.\u00a0 (2008).\u00a0 Psychology\u2019s contributions to classroom management.\u00a0 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Psychology in the Schools<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 45, 227-234.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Martin, N. K., &amp; Sass, D. A. (2010). Construct validation of the Behavior and Instructional Management Scale. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Teaching and Teacher Education<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 26, 1124- 1135.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mart\u00ednez-Otero, V. (2007). Los adolescentes ante el estudio. Causas y consecuencias del rendimiento acad\u00e9mico. Madrid: Fundamentos.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marzano, R. (2003). What works in schools: Translating research into action. Virgina: ASCD Publications.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nwankwo, P.C. (2018) \u201cThe ideal educational programme: UBE in View. A paper delivered at Educational Summit held in Ibadan, June 20.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oboegbulem A. (2011) Classroom organization and management. Issues and concerns. Nsukka: Great AP expresses Publishers Ltd.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Omirin F. F. (2015) An evaluation of the implementation of educational policies in senior secondary schools in Osun state Nigeria. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Research on Humanities and Social Sciences<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 5 (10), 148-155. Retrieved from <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.iiste.org\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">www.iiste.org<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pederson-Seelye, V. A. (2011). Effective classroom management procedures. Retrieved from file:\/\/\/F:\/Newfolder(3)\/284.short.htm.\u00a0 On 20\/5\/2014.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rosas, C. and West, M. (2009). Teachers\u2019 belief about classroom management: pre-service, in-service teacher belief about classroom management. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Journal of Applied Educational Studies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 5(1) 54-61.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Simonsen, B., Fairbanks, S., Briesch, A., Myers, D., &amp; Sugai, G.\u00a0 (2008).\u00a0 Evidence-based practices in classroom management: Considerations for research to practice.\u00a0 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Education and Treatment of Children<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 31, 351-380.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Umoren,\u00a0I.\u00a0P.\u00a0(2010).\u00a0The\u00a0concept\u00a0of\u00a0Classroom\u00a0Management\u00a0in\u00a0Modern\u00a0Society.\u00a0Uyo:\u00a0MGO\u00a0Nigerian\u00a0publishers.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-34f82ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"34f82ff\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ae70ba\" data-id=\"4ae70ba\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Classroom Management; a Determinant of Effective Teaching and Learning of Languages in Secondary Schools in Ondo State, Nigeria Ayo-Oladapo, Esther Olajumoke1 Abu, Ishau Olaoluwa2 Ifejuowo, Modupe Iyanuoluwa3 1,2, &amp;3Faculty of Education, Department of Arts Education, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria Abstract The study examined the concept of classroom management as a determinant of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3772,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"postBodyCss":"","postBodyMargin":[],"postBodyPadding":[],"postBodyBackground":{"backgroundType":"classic","gradient":""},"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4165","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4165","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4165"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4165\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3772"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4165"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}