{"id":6021,"date":"2024-01-07T08:42:17","date_gmt":"2024-01-07T08:42:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/icertpublication.com\/?page_id=6021"},"modified":"2026-03-10T07:57:43","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T02:27:43","slug":"a-new-epoch-charting-indias-path-to-global-arbitration-prominence","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/edu-mania\/edumania-vol-2-issue-1\/a-new-epoch-charting-indias-path-to-global-arbitration-prominence\/","title":{"rendered":"A New Epoch: Charting India\u2019s Path to Global Arbitration Prominence"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Edumania-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Vol-02, Issue-01 (Jan-Mar 2024)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
An International scholarly\/ academic journal, peer-reviewed\/ refereed journal, ISSN : 2960-0006<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

A New Epoch: Charting India\u2019s Path to Global Arbitration Prominence<\/span><\/p>

Rudi, Fanuel<\/span><\/p>

Student, B.A., LLB (Hons) Semester 9, NIILM University Kaithal<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

DOI:\u00a0<\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9024<\/span><\/a><\/p>

Page Number:\u00a0pp. 139-161<\/span><\/p>

Subject:\u00a0Arbitration Law, Dispute Resolution, Legal Studies, India Legal System, International Arbitration, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Received:\u00a022 December 2023<\/span><\/p>

Accepted:\u00a029 December 2023<\/span><\/p>

Published:\u00a002 January 2024<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Thematic Classification:\u00a0Social Sciences: Law & Legal Studies; International Trade & Dispute Resolution<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Abstract<\/span><\/p>

The practice of arbitration, in India, traces its origins back to ancient legal systems like the Mitakshara School of Law and further evolved under British colonial enactments, notably the inception of the India Arbitration Act of 1899. This historical continuum has been punctuated by significant developments marked by amendments in 1996, 2015, 2019 and 2021, indicative of India\u2019s unwavering commitment to cultivating a robust arbitration culture.\u00a0 Strengthened by this historical foundation and fortified by British legal influences, India, the world\u2019s fifth-largest economy, harbors the aspiration to firmly establish itself as a global arbitration hub. The development has been gradual and ongoing with various initiatives, reforms and pivotal judicial decisions being implemented. This paper critically scrutinizes India\u2019s potential within the evolving legal landscape, examining its legislative foundation and contemporary ambitions in the global arbitration arena.<\/span><\/p>

Keywords:<\/span> International Arbitration, Arbitration in India, Legal reforms, Historical Development of Arbitration, Global Arbitration Hub, Evolution of Arbitration Practices.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>

Impact Statement<\/span><\/p>

Delving into the intricacies of arbitration, where international arbitration serves as a nexus for diverse legal cultures, this research scrutinizes the choices of arbitration seats. In a landscape dominated by prominent jurisdictions like London, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Sweden, India\u2019s robust arbitration framework, economic strength and growing pool of arbitration professionals, demand attention. This study examines whether India can evolve into a beacon of efficient cross-border dispute resolution. It reveals India’s promising position, poised not just for participation but leadership in global dispute resolution. Despite challenges like procedural delays and anti-corruption measures, India’s proactive stance positions it to surmount these obstacles. This study envisions India’s emergence as a preferred destination, offering efficiency, reliability, and innovation in resolving cross-border disputes. Anticipating India’s ascent, this research foresees a significant contribution to the evolution of the international arbitration landscape.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>

About Author<\/span><\/p>

Hailing from Malawi, Fanuel Rudi is a budding legal scholar traversing the ever-shifting sands of international law. As a final year BA LLB student at NIILM University, India, his mind thirsts for unravelling intricate legal landscapes, particularly in the realm of alternative dispute resolution.<\/span><\/p>

Fuelled by an insatiable intellectual curiosity, Fanuel’s approach transcends mere research and publication. He actively contributes insightful articles to the White Code Legal International Centre of Research and Excellence, fostering critical discourse in the field. His research paper, “Provisional Measures: Navigating the Complexities of International Arbitration,” published with <\/span>The Amikus Qriae<\/span>, is a testament to his approach towards nuanced legal issues and analytical prowess.<\/span><\/p>

Fanuel\u2019s passion extends beyond the page as he recently presented his thought-provoking paper, “A New Epoch: Charting India’s Path to Global Arbitration Prominence,” at the ICERT One Day Conference (17\/ 12\/ 2023). This captivating address exemplifies his dedication to contributing to the ongoing conversation in the global arbitration landscape.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

More than just an academic explorer, Fanuel seeks a holistic understanding. He blends critical thinking with honed argumentation, negotiation, and problem-solving skills, enabling him to approach legal challenges from diverse angles, ultimately forging practical and effective solutions.<\/span><\/p>

As Fanuel stands poised on the precipice of his final year, his journey in international law promises to be one of continuous learning and insightful contributions. His commitment to critical analysis, coupled with his dedication to sharing knowledge and finding practical solutions, makes him a rising star in the field, ready to navigate the intricate pathways of international law with confidence and passion.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Cite this Article<\/span><\/p>

APA (7th ed.):<\/span>\u00a0Rudi, F. (2024). A New Epoch: Charting India’s Path to Global Arbitration Prominence.\u00a0<\/span>Edumania-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/span>,\u00a02(1), 139\u2013161.\u00a0<\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9024<\/span><\/a><\/p>

Chicago (17th ed.):<\/span>\u00a0Rudi, Fanuel. “A New Epoch: Charting India’s Path to Global Arbitration Prominence.”\u00a0<\/span>Edumania-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/span>\u00a02, no. 1 (2024): 139\u2013161.\u00a0<\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9024<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>

MLA (9th ed.):<\/span>\u00a0Rudi, Fanuel. “A New Epoch: Charting India’s Path to Global Arbitration Prominence.”\u00a0<\/span>Edumania-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/span>, vol. 2, no. 1, 2024, pp. 139\u2013161.\u00a0<\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9024<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Statements & Declarations<\/span><\/p>

Peer Review:<\/span>\u00a0The scholarly quality and contribution of this legal analysis on India’s position in global arbitration have been confirmed through a rigorous and independent peer-review process conducted by experts in the relevant fields.<\/span><\/p>

Review Type:<\/span>\u00a0This article underwent a double-blind peer review, wherein the identities of the author (Fanuel Rudi) and the reviewers were concealed from each other. The review was conducted by subject experts in arbitration law, international dispute resolution, and Indian legal system.<\/span><\/p>

Competing Interests:<\/span>\u00a0The author, Fanuel Rudi, declares that there are no financial, professional, or personal competing interests that could be perceived to have biased the work presented in this manuscript.<\/span><\/p>

Data Availability:<\/span>\u00a0This manuscript is a conceptual and analytical legal paper based on statutory analysis, case law, and legal scholarship. It does not present primary empirical research data. All sources, including legal documents and scholarly works, are cited within the article.<\/span><\/p>

Funding:<\/span>\u00a0This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The work was completed as part of the author’s legal studies at NIILM University and personal scholarly effort.<\/span><\/p>

License:<\/span>\u00a0This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 International License. This license allows others to download this work and share it with others for non-commercial purposes, as long as they credit the author, but they cannot change it in any way or use it commercially.<\/span><\/p>

Ethical Approval:<\/span>\u00a0Ethical approval was not required for this study, as it is a legal analysis paper based on publicly available statutes, case law, and legal literature and did not involve the collection of data from, or experimentation on, human subjects or animals. The work adheres to the highest standards of academic integrity and legal research ethics.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>

References<\/span><\/p>

  1. Established \u2018<\/span>Sreni\u2019 \u2018Puga\u2019 <\/span>and <\/span>\u2018Kula\u2019<\/span> as governing institutions for resolving disputes: Attributable to <\/span>Vijnaneshvara: John D. Mayne. A Treatise on Hindu Law & Usage, 5<\/span>th<\/span><\/span> Edition, Page 25\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  2. Valedictory speech by Prime Minister at National Initiative towards Strengthening Arbitration and Enforcement in India (pib.gov.in)<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  3. India overtakes UK as the world’s fifth-largest economy | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  4. Introduction of the NDIAC Bill 2018| <\/span>New Delhi International Arbitration Centre: Building India into a Global Arbitration Hub – Kluwer Arbitration Blog<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  5. Black\u2019s Law Dictionary, 8<\/span>th<\/span><\/span> Edition, p.321<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  6. Chadha, A., & Chadha, D. (2023). Judicial Approach towards Environmental Sustainability for Youth in India: an analysis. <\/span>Shodh Sari-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/span>, <\/span>02<\/span>(04), 162\u2013179. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/sari7632<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  7. Avtar Singh, Law of Arbitration and Conciliation, 5<\/span>th<\/span><\/span> Edition, p.12: Meaning of Arbitration (Section 2(1))<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  8. Arbitration may be Ad hoc or Institutional. In the former, the proceedings are subjected to the parties\u2019 agreement, whereas in the latter, the parties are assisted by and rely upon an arbitral institution.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  9. UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, 1985, As amended in 2006, Article 35(1)<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  10. Ibid, <\/span>at Part II<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  11. India overtakes UK as the world’s fifth-largest economy | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  12. Lord Goldsmith KC, \u2018Establishing India as a Leading Hub for International Arbitration\u2019, Delhi Arbitration Weekend, 16 February 2023, New Delhi International Arbitration Centre. Available at <\/span>establishing-india-as-a-leading-hub.pdf (debevoise.com)<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  13. Ibid<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  14. Evolution of arbitration in India and the lack of professionalism – iPleaders<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  15. Role Of Alternative Dispute Resolution In Resolving Family Disputes (legalserviceindia.com)<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  16. Historical Dictionary of Ancient India, 2009, p.303 (Scarecrow Press). Available at <\/span>Historical dictionary of ancient India : Roy, Kumkum : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  17. S R, Manjula. (2021). HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAW OF ARBITRATION IN INDIA. International Journal of Management and Humanities. 4. 5831-5836. At <\/span>(PDF) HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAW OF ARBITRATION IN INDIA (researchgate.net)<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  18. The Yajnavalkya Smriti discusses the qualifications of arbitrators and the procedures for dispute resolution<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  19. John D. Mayne, <\/span>Op Cit.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  20. Evolution of arbitration in India and the lack of professionalism – iPleaders<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  21. Originates from the Arabic word <\/span>\u2018Quadi\u2019<\/span> which means <\/span>\u2018Judge,\u2019:<\/span> \u201cKazi.\u201d Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster:<\/span> Kazi Definition & Meaning – Merriam-Webster<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  22. The East India Company Act 1813, <\/span>Charter Act 1813: History and Provisions – Leverage Edu<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  23. Evolution of Arbitration in India | Article | Chambers and Partners<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  24. Introduced a distinction between an application for setting aside an award under section 30 and one for nullity of an award under section 33<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  25. Evolution of Arbitration in India | Article | Chambers and Partners<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  26. The United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards (New York Convention 1958)<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  27. Constitution of India, Article 50: <\/span>The evolution of arbitration in India – Lexology<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  28. The India Arbitration Act. 1940, Section 20\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  29. Ibid, <\/span>Section 41(b)<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  30. INSC 241; (2002) 4 SCC 105<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  31. (2003) 5 SCC 705<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  32. (2012) 9 SCC 552<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  33. The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2015\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  34. Section 9: Interim Measures, etc, by Court<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  35. Section 27: Court Assistance in Taking Evidence<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  36. Section 37: Appealable orders<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  37. Vidya Drolia v. Durga Trading Corporation (2020) SCC OnLine SC 1018<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  38. United Nations Conventions on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York, 10 June 1958)<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  39. Prof. Dr Jordi Paniagua, \u201cThe Economic Impact of International Commercial Arbitration\u201d, 3rd Regional International Arbitration Conference Sydney, March 17th, 2021. At <\/span>202103-jordi-paniagua-presentation.pdf (development.asia)<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  40. See Gary B. Born, International Commercial Arbitration Vol. II 1680 \u2013 1686, Wolter\u2019s Kluwer (2009); White & Case et al. 2015 International Arbitration Survey: Improvements and innovations in International Arbitration 14 (2015)<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  41. Challenging and Enforcing Arbitration Awards: Singapore – Global Arbitration Review<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  42. UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, 1985 (With Amendments as adopted in 2006) Article 34: Application for setting aside as exclusive recourse against arbitral award<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  43. Hong Kong Arbitration Ordinance, s. 81<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  44. In brief: enforcing and challenging arbitral awards in United Kingdom – Lexology<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  45. The Revised Swedish Arbitration Act: Some Noteworthy Developments – Kluwer Arbitration Blog<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  46. Dentons Rodyk – Singapore: Effective ecosystems of arbitration \u2013 Key developments since 2021 and what to expect moving ahead<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  47. Arbitration in Singapore \u2014 Financier Worldwide<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  48. Cap. 609 Arbitration Ordinance (elegislation.gov.hk)<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  49. BGS SGS Soma JV v. NHPC Ltd, 2019 SCC OnlIne SC 1585<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  50. Dholi Spintex Pvt Ltd v. Louis Dreyfus Company India Pvt Ltd CS (COMM) 286\/ 2020<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  51. PASL Wind Solutions Pvt Ltd v. GE Power Conversion India Pvt Ltd, Civil Appeal No. 1647 of 2021<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  52. New Delhi International Arbitration Centre (NDIAC) Bill, 2018<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  53. Maharashtra government makes institutional arbitration mandatory for contracts above Rs 5 crore | Business News – The Indian Express<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  54. HK45 | HKIAC<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  55. Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment Act) 2015<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  56. UK to Reform Arbitration Act to Maintain Position as World Leader in International Arbitration | Law.com International<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  57. International Arbitration Laws and Regulations | Sweden | GLI (globallegalinsights.com)<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  58. SIAC General FAQs – Singapore International Arbitration Centre<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  59. Third party funding | HKIAC<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  60. An Overview of Fast Track Arbitration Proceedings in India | VIA Mediation Centre<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  61. A Tale Of Adaptability: London’s Remarkable Economic Growth Over Two Decades (thefridaytimes.com)<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  62. Arbitration at The SIAC: Costs, Fees & Deposits – Silvester Legal<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  63. Bribery Act 2010 | The Law Society<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  64. 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index: Explore the\u2026 – Transparency.org<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  65. Staffan Andersson, <\/span>Corruption in Sweden (diva-portal.org)<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  66. Ibid<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  67. Ibid<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  68. Arbitrators | HKIAC<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  69. Ibid<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  70. Bribery & Corruption Laws and Regulations | India | GLI (globallegalinsights.com)<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  71. Ibid<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  72. Lord Goldsmith KC, <\/span>Op Cit. <\/span>establishing-india-as-a-leading-hub.pdf (debevoise.com)<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Edumania-An International Multidisciplinary Journal Vol-02, Issue-01 (Jan-Mar 2024) An International scholarly\/ academic journal, peer-reviewed\/ refereed journal, ISSN : 2960-0006 A New Epoch: Charting India\u2019s Path to Global Arbitration Prominence Rudi, Fanuel Student, B.A., LLB (Hons) Semester 9, NIILM University Kaithal \u00a0 DOI:\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9024 Page Number:\u00a0pp. 139-161 Subject:\u00a0Arbitration Law, Dispute Resolution, Legal Studies, India Legal System, International […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":5817,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"postBodyCss":"","postBodyMargin":[],"postBodyPadding":[],"postBodyBackground":{"backgroundType":"classic","gradient":""},"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6021","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6021","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6021"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6021\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29674,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6021\/revisions\/29674"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5817"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6021"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}