{"id":14073,"date":"2025-07-10T21:26:11","date_gmt":"2025-07-10T20:26:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/icertpublication.com\/?page_id=14073"},"modified":"2026-04-03T10:23:05","modified_gmt":"2026-04-03T04:53:05","slug":"the-role-and-application-of-matrices-in-artificial-intelligence-foundations-methods-and-advancements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/2025\/07\/10\/the-role-and-application-of-matrices-in-artificial-intelligence-foundations-methods-and-advancements\/","title":{"rendered":"The Role and Application of Matrices in Artificial Intelligence: Foundations, Methods, and Advancements"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Shodh Sari-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Vol-04, Issue-03(Jul-Sep 2025)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
An International scholarly\/ academic journal, peer-reviewed\/ refereed journal, ISSN : 2959-1376<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

The Role and Application of Matrices in Artificial Intelligence: Foundations, Methods, and Advancements\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Balappa D, Raviraju<\/span>1<\/span><\/span> and<\/span> Rajput, Gautam Kumar <\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/p>

1<\/span><\/span>Research Scholar, Department of Mathematics, Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan<\/span><\/p>

ORCID: 0009-0007-5189-8008<\/span><\/p>

2<\/span><\/span>Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

DOI: <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/SARI7840<\/span><\/a><\/p>

Subject: Mathematics \/ Artificial Intelligence \/ Computer Science<\/span><\/p>

Page No: 96\u2013116<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Received: Feb 28, 2025<\/span><\/p>

Accepted: May 17, 2025<\/span><\/p>

Published: July 01, 2025<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Thematic Classification: Linear Algebra, Matrix Operations, Artificial Intelligence, Computational Foundations, Machine Learning Algorithms, Mathematical Advancement.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Abstract\n<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Matrices are foundational to artificial intelligence (AI), serving as critical tools for data representation, manipulation, and transformation across various applications. From machine learning algorithms to neural network architectures, matrix theory supports essential computational processes, enabling AI systems to manage vast datasets, detect intricate patterns, and execute complex transformations. This paper examines the integral role of matrices in AI, highlighting basic matrix operations in linear and logistic regression, as well as their applications in more advanced models like convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Key mathematical operations, including matrix decomposition and eigenvalue computations, are explored for their significance in data reduction and feature extraction, which enhance computational efficiency in fields like computer vision, natural language processing (NLP), and robotics. The paper also addresses the computational challenges associated with large-scale matrix operations, such as high-dimensional data processing, scalability, and numerical stability. To overcome these limitations, advancements in distributed matrix computation frameworks, GPU and TPU hardware acceleration, and sparse matrix techniques are discussed, showing how these innovations enhance the efficiency and scalability of AI models. Additionally, recent progress in quantum computing and matrix-specific hardware solutions offers promising directions for future research, with potential to revolutionize AI by achieving exponential speed-ups in matrix computations. Overall, matrices remain at the heart of AI\u2019s computational power, providing a versatile and efficient framework that supports both current applications and emerging capabilities in artificial intelligence.<\/span><\/p>

Keywords: <\/span>Matrix theory, linear algebra, machine learning, artificial intelligence, singular value decomposition (SVD).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Impact Statement\n<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

This research explores the critical role of matrices in artificial intelligence (AI), emphasizing their foundational importance in data representation, transformation, and computation. By highlighting key mathematical operations such as matrix decomposition, eigenvalue computations, and singular value decomposition (SVD), the study demonstrates how matrices enhance computational efficiency in AI applications, including machine learning, neural networks, computer vision, and natural language processing. The paper also addresses challenges related to high-dimensional data processing and scalability, proposing advancements in distributed matrix computation, GPU\/TPU acceleration, and quantum computing. Ultimately, this research underscores matrices as a driving force in AI\u2019s evolution, enabling innovative solutions and future breakthroughs in intelligent systems.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
About Author\n<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

1. Raviraju Balappa D <\/span>is a research scholar in the Department of Mathematics at Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan. His research primarily focuses on error-correcting codes and their applications in digital communications. In a 2024 publication titled Efficient Error Reduction Techniques by Hamming Code in Transmission Channel, co-authored with Dr. Gautam Kumar Rajput, he explored advanced error detection and correction methods using Hamming codes. Another notable work, Intersections of Algebraic Geometry and Coding Theory: A Study of Error-Correcting Codes, examined the integration of algebraic geometry into coding theory, highlighting the advantages of algebraic-geometric codes over traditional linear codes. Through his research, he aims to enhance the reliability and efficiency of data transmission in modern communication systems.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

2. Dr. Gautam Kumar Rajput<\/span> is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mathematics at Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan. With a strong academic background, he has contributed significantly to the field of mathematical research and education. His expertise spans various areas of applied and pure mathematics, fostering innovative problem-solving techniques. He is dedicated to mentoring students and advancing mathematical knowledge through his scholarly publications and teaching.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Cite this Article\n<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

APA 7th Style<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Balappa D, R., & Rajput, G. K. (2025). The role and application of matrices in artificial intelligence: Foundations, methods, and advancements. <\/span>Shodh Sari-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/span>, <\/span>4<\/span>(03), 96\u2013116. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/SARI7840<\/span><\/a><\/p>

Chicago 17th Style<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Balappa D, Raviraju, and Gautam Kumar Rajput. “The Role and Application of Matrices in Artificial Intelligence: Foundations, Methods, and Advancements.” <\/span>Shodh Sari-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/span> 4, no. 3 (2025): 96\u2013116. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/SARI7839<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>

MLA 9th Style<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Balappa D, Raviraju and Rajput, Gautam Kumar. “The Role and Application of Matrices in Artificial Intelligence: Foundations, Methods, and Advancements.” <\/span>Shodh Sari-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/span>, vol. 4, no. 3, 2025, pp. 96-116, <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/SARI7840<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Statements and Declarations\n\n<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Peer-Review Method:<\/span> This article underwent a double-blind peer-review process by two independent external experts in Applied Mathematics and Computational Intelligence to ensure the mathematical accuracy and technical relevance of the matrix applications discussed.<\/span><\/p>

Competing Interests:<\/span> The authors (Raviraju Balappa D and Gautam Kumar Rajput) declare that they have no financial or personal conflicts of interest that could have influenced the research, data analysis, or the technical conclusions presented in this work.<\/span><\/p>

Funding:<\/span> This research was conducted as part of the authors’ academic activities at Sunrise University. No specific external grants or commercial funding were received for this study.<\/span><\/p>

Data Availability:<\/span> The analysis is based on theoretical mathematical frameworks and a review of existing algorithms in Artificial Intelligence. All primary mathematical models and literature cited are available through public academic archives and professional scientific repositories.<\/span><\/p>

Licence:<\/span> The Role and Application of Matrices in Artificial Intelligence: Foundations, Methods, and Advancements<\/span> \u00a9 2025 by Raviraju Balappa D and Gautam Kumar Rajput is licensed under <\/span>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0<\/span>. This work is published by the International Council for Education Research and Training (ICERT).<\/span><\/p>

Ethics Approval:<\/span> As this study is a theoretical review and mathematical analysis and does not involve direct experimentation on human participants or animal subjects, it was deemed exempt from formal ethical review by the Institutional Research Committee of Sunrise University, Alwar.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
References<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

  1. Ahmad, K., & Kamal, R. (2021). Matrix decomposition techniques in high-dimensional data processing. <\/span>Journal of Machine Learning Research<\/span>, <\/span>22<\/span>(1), 456\u2013469.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  2. Bhattacharjee, R., Rajesh, R., Prasanna Kumar, K. R., Mv, V. P., Athithan, G., & Sahadevan, A. V. (2021). Scalable flow probe architecture for 100 Gbps+ rates on commodity hardware: Design considerations and approach. <\/span>Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing<\/span>, <\/span>155<\/span>, 87\u2013100. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpdc.2021.04.015<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/li>

  3. Chen, M., & Li, F. (2020). The role of sparse matrices in transformer architectures for NLP. <\/span>ACM Transactions on Information Systems<\/span>, <\/span>38<\/span>(3), 15\u201330.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  4. Das, T., & Malhotra, S. (2019). Collaborative filtering and matrix factorization in recommendation systems. <\/span>ACM Transactions on Information Systems<\/span>, <\/span>37<\/span>(2), 10\u201325.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  5. Ebrahimi, A., & Zhao, H. (2021). Efficient data representation through matrix transformations in computer vision. <\/span>IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence<\/span>, <\/span>43<\/span>(7), 1453\u20131467.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  6. Fang, Z., & Wang, L. (2021). Quantum matrix algorithms for artificial intelligence: Potential and limitations. <\/span>Nature Quantum Information<\/span>, <\/span>7<\/span>(12), 34\u201348.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  7. Gomez, R., & Lee, D. (2019). The impact of SVD in NLP for semantic understanding. <\/span>Journal of Machine Learning Research<\/span>, <\/span>20<\/span>(4), 345\u2013359.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  8. Hall, P. A., & Kearney, J. (2020). Matrix operations for convolutional neural networks in image processing. <\/span>Neural Networks<\/span>, <\/span>126<\/span>(1), 57\u201370.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  9. Irwin, T. M., & Zheng, Y. (2020). Applications of eigenvalues in reinforcement learning policy optimization. <\/span>IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems<\/span>, <\/span>31<\/span>(10), 3451\u20133465.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  10. Jones, L., & Li, P. (2019). GPU acceleration of large-scale matrix operations in neural networks. <\/span>Journal of Computational Science<\/span>, <\/span>36<\/span>(1), 89\u2013103.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  11. Kim, J., & Park, Y. (2021). Exploring matrix-based representations for path planning and control in robotics. <\/span>AI and Robotics Journal<\/span>, <\/span>42<\/span>(2), 101\u2013116.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  12. Liu, W., & Thompson, K. (2020). Matrix fundamentals for linear and logistic regression in machine learning. <\/span>Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research<\/span>, <\/span>69<\/span>, 1085\u20131102.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  13. Nguyen, V., & Chen, M. (2020). The role of matrix operations in CNNs for object detection. <\/span>Neural Networks<\/span>, <\/span>123<\/span>, 99\u2013113.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  14. Patel, R., & Mehta, S. (2021). Dimensionality reduction with PCA and its applications in image compression. <\/span>International Journal of Computer Vision<\/span>, <\/span>129<\/span>(5), 1156\u20131172.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  15. Rani, B. T. (2024). Artificial Intelligence tools in Learning English language and Teaching. How can be AI used for Language Learning. <\/span>Edumania-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/span>, <\/span>02<\/span>(04), 230\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9085<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  16. Qian, J., & Sun, Y. (2020). Numerical stability in matrix-based neural network training. <\/span>Journal of Computational Science<\/span>, <\/span>39<\/span>(4), 129\u2013141.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  17. Raviraju Balappa, D., & Rajput, G. K. (2024). Efficient error reduction techniques by hamming code in transmission channel. <\/span>Journal of Computational Analysis and Applications (JoCAAA)<\/span>, <\/span>33<\/span>(06), 505\u2013515. <\/span>https:\/\/www.eudoxuspress.com\/index.php\/pub\/article\/view\/827<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  18. Singh, K., & Wu, H. (2019). Real-time matrix-based sensor fusion in robotics. <\/span>AI and Robotics Journal<\/span>, <\/span>39<\/span>(3), 211\u2013223.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  19. Tanaka, R., & Yoon, J. (2020). Advances in distributed matrix computation frameworks for machine learning. <\/span>Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing<\/span>, <\/span>150<\/span>, 78\u201391.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  20. Wang, Z., & Lin, Q. (2021). Applications of matrix theory in transformer models for NLP. <\/span>Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research<\/span>, <\/span>71<\/span>, 672\u2013685.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  21. Xu, D., & Chen, J. (2021). Optimizing matrix factorization for scalability in recommendation systems. <\/span>ACM Transactions on Information Systems<\/span>, <\/span>39<\/span>(1), 45\u201360.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

  22. Zhang, L., & Wei, Y. (2020). Leveraging TPUs for efficient matrix calculations in deep learning. <\/span>Journal of Computational Science<\/span>, <\/span>41<\/span>, 312\u2013325.<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBack<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Shodh Sari-An International Multidisciplinary Journal Vol-04, Issue-03(Jul-Sep 2025) An International scholarly\/ academic journal, peer-reviewed\/ refereed journal, ISSN : 2959-1376 The Role and Application of Matrices in Artificial Intelligence: Foundations, Methods, and Advancements Balappa D, Raviraju1 and Rajput, Gautam Kumar 2 1Research Scholar, Department of Mathematics, Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan ORCID: 0009-0007-5189-8008 2Associate Professor, Department of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"postBodyCss":"","postBodyMargin":[],"postBodyPadding":[],"postBodyBackground":{"backgroundType":"classic","gradient":""},"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14073","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-shodh-sari-vol-04-issue-03-jul-sep-2025"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14073","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14073"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14073\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31865,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14073\/revisions\/31865"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14073"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14073"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14073"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}