{"id":24835,"date":"2026-02-04T17:38:03","date_gmt":"2026-02-04T17:38:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/?p=24835"},"modified":"2026-02-26T19:38:50","modified_gmt":"2026-02-26T14:08:50","slug":"globalization-knowledge-production-and-equity-in-educational-access-and-outcomes-within-the-north-central-states-of-nigeria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icert.org.in\/index.php\/2026\/02\/04\/globalization-knowledge-production-and-equity-in-educational-access-and-outcomes-within-the-north-central-states-of-nigeria\/","title":{"rendered":"Globalization, Knowledge Production, And Equity In Educational Access And Outcomes Within The North Central States Of Nigeria"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"24835\" class=\"elementor elementor-24835\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-84402a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"84402a3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ca73e9e\" data-id=\"ca73e9e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f001858 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f001858\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Edumania-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-302165e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"302165e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vol-04, Issue-1 (Jan-Mar 2026)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d425089 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d425089\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">An International scholarly\/ academic journal, peer-reviewed\/ refereed journal, ISSN : 2960-0006<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-03a6ddf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"03a6ddf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2fa69d7\" data-id=\"2fa69d7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2543740 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2543740\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Globalization, Knowledge Production, And Equity In Educational Access And Outcomes Within The North Central States Of Nigeria\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22fa449 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22fa449\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Gupa, Shuaibu Idris<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;\">Department of Educational Foundations, School of Education FCT College of Education ZUBA-ABUJA, Nigeria<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2d79315 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2d79315\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a14827f\" data-id=\"a14827f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56fd78a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-simple-tab\" data-id=\"56fd78a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-simple-tab.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" >        <div class=\"elementkit-tab-wraper vertical  elementskit-fitcontent-tab \">\n            <ul class=\"nav nav-tabs elementkit-tab-nav \">\n                                    <li class=\"elementkit-nav-item elementor-repeater-item-ca158ed\">\n                        <a class=\"elementkit-nav-link  active show left-pos\" id=\"content-ca158ed69d04b6b39358-tab\" data-ekit-handler-id=\"abstract\" data-ekit-toggle=\"tab\" data-target=\"#content-ca158ed69d04b6b39358\" href=\"#Content-ca158ed69d04b6b39358\"\n                            data-ekit-toggle-trigger=\"click\"\n                            aria-describedby=\"Content-ca158ed69d04b6b39358\">\n                            <span class=\"far fa-file-alt elementskit-tab-icon\"><\/span>                            <span class=\"elementskit-tab-title\"> Abstract<\/span>\n                        <\/a>\n                    <\/li>\n                                        <li class=\"elementkit-nav-item elementor-repeater-item-62e3348\">\n                        <a class=\"elementkit-nav-link  left-pos\" id=\"content-62e334869d04b6b39358-tab\" data-ekit-handler-id=\"about-author\" data-ekit-toggle=\"tab\" data-target=\"#content-62e334869d04b6b39358\" href=\"#Content-62e334869d04b6b39358\"\n                            data-ekit-toggle-trigger=\"click\"\n                            aria-describedby=\"Content-62e334869d04b6b39358\">\n                            <span class=\"far fa-user elementskit-tab-icon\"><\/span>                            <span class=\"elementskit-tab-title\"> About Author<\/span>\n                        <\/a>\n                    <\/li>\n                                        <li class=\"elementkit-nav-item elementor-repeater-item-e351830\">\n                        <a class=\"elementkit-nav-link  left-pos\" id=\"content-e35183069d04b6b39358-tab\" data-ekit-handler-id=\"impact-statement\" data-ekit-toggle=\"tab\" data-target=\"#content-e35183069d04b6b39358\" href=\"#Content-e35183069d04b6b39358\"\n                            data-ekit-toggle-trigger=\"click\"\n                            aria-describedby=\"Content-e35183069d04b6b39358\">\n                            <span class=\"fas fa-file-import elementskit-tab-icon\"><\/span>                            <span class=\"elementskit-tab-title\"> Impact Statement<\/span>\n                        <\/a>\n                    <\/li>\n                                        <li class=\"elementkit-nav-item elementor-repeater-item-bb8dae5\">\n                        <a class=\"elementkit-nav-link  left-pos\" id=\"content-bb8dae569d04b6b39358-tab\" data-ekit-handler-id=\"cite-this-article\" data-ekit-toggle=\"tab\" data-target=\"#content-bb8dae569d04b6b39358\" href=\"#Content-bb8dae569d04b6b39358\"\n                            data-ekit-toggle-trigger=\"click\"\n                            aria-describedby=\"Content-bb8dae569d04b6b39358\">\n                            <span class=\"far fa-address-card elementskit-tab-icon\"><\/span>                            <span class=\"elementskit-tab-title\"> Cite this Article<\/span>\n                        <\/a>\n                    <\/li>\n                                <\/ul>\n\n            <div class=\"tab-content elementkit-tab-content\">\n                                    <div class=\"tab-pane elementkit-tab-pane elementor-repeater-item-ca158ed  active show\" id=\"content-ca158ed69d04b6b39358\" role=\"tabpanel\"\n                         aria-labelledby=\"content-ca158ed69d04b6b39358-tab\">\n                        <div class=\"animated fadeIn\">\n                            <p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Abstract<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Globalization has transformed the landscape of knowledge production, dissemination, and access across the world, yet its implications for educational equity remain uneven, particularly in developing regions. This study examines the intersection of globalization, knowledge production, and equity in educational access and outcomes within the North Central States of Nigeria. Anchored on the Human Capital and World Systems Theories, the research explores how global knowledge flows, technological integration, and policy reforms influence educational participation, quality, and achievement among diverse social groups. Employing a mixed-method design, quantitative data were collected from 600 respondents comprising teachers, students, and policymakers across three selected states, while qualitative insights were drawn from focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Descriptive and inferential analyses revealed significant disparities in access to globalized knowledge resources, digital learning opportunities, and pedagogical innovation, often linked to socioeconomic status, institutional capacity, and infrastructural gaps. Findings indicate that while globalization enhances exposure to global knowledge systems, it also reinforces existing inequalities through unequal access to digital and intellectual capital. The study concludes that sustainable educational development in the North Central region requires inclusive policy frameworks that promote equitable access to global knowledge resources, strengthen institutional collaboration, and foster local capacity for knowledge creation. It recommends the adoption of context-sensitive globalization strategies, investment in digital infrastructure, and curriculum reforms that align global competencies with local realities.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Keywords:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> Globalization, Knowledge Production, Educational Equity, Access, Outcomes.<\/span><\/p>                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"tab-pane elementkit-tab-pane elementor-repeater-item-62e3348 \" id=\"content-62e334869d04b6b39358\" role=\"tabpanel\"\n                         aria-labelledby=\"content-62e334869d04b6b39358-tab\">\n                        <div class=\"animated fadeIn\">\n                            <p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">About Author<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Dr. Shuaibu Idris Gupa is a multidisciplinary researcher with interests in youth development, sustainable innovation, leadership transformation, and social accountability. His work Innovative strategies for financing migrant fishermen and nomadic education for sustainable development in Nigeria In changes and Innovations in financing education for sustainable national development; Appraising community development for quality, equity and productivity of primary education in Nigeria; Education and Global Terrorism; Role of school administrators\u2019 in the development of entrepreneurship education for sustainable development; Quality assurance as an instrument for integration and improvement of primary school education among others. I adopt human-centered and policy-oriented approaches to analyze education, employment, innovation systems, and community-based development. My research bridges theory and practice, emphasizing evidence-informed policy, participatory development, and social impact. Am committed to advancing scholarship that supports sustainable development, empowers young people, and informs decision-making at local, national, and global levels.<\/span><\/p>                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"tab-pane elementkit-tab-pane elementor-repeater-item-e351830 \" id=\"content-e35183069d04b6b39358\" role=\"tabpanel\"\n                         aria-labelledby=\"content-e35183069d04b6b39358-tab\">\n                        <div class=\"animated fadeIn\">\n                            <p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Impact Statement<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">This study makes both theoretical and practical contributions to education by deepening understanding of how globalization and knowledge production shape educational equity in developing contexts. Theoretically, it integrates World-Systems Theory and Human Capital Theory to explain how global structural inequalities and local capacity constraints jointly influence access to education and learning outcomes. Empirically, the findings provide evidence that increased global engagement and strengthened local knowledge production significantly improve educational equity and outcomes in the North Central States of Nigeria. Practically, the study offers policymakers, school administrators, and education planners data-driven insights for designing inclusive, context-sensitive globalization policies, particularly in ICT integration, curriculum reform, and research support. By emphasizing the balance between global knowledge flows and indigenous knowledge production, the research informs strategies aimed at reducing rural\u2013urban disparities and advancing equitable, sustainable educational development in line with SDG 4.<\/span><\/p>                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"tab-pane elementkit-tab-pane elementor-repeater-item-bb8dae5 \" id=\"content-bb8dae569d04b6b39358\" role=\"tabpanel\"\n                         aria-labelledby=\"content-bb8dae569d04b6b39358-tab\">\n                        <div class=\"animated fadeIn\">\n                            <p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Citation<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">APA 7th Style<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Gupa, S. I. (2026). Globalization, knowledge production, and equity in educational access and outcomes within the North Central states of Nigeria. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Edumania-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">4<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">(01), 59\u201370. <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9179\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #0563c1; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9179<\/span><\/a><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Chicago 17th Style<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Gupa, Shuaibu Idris. &#8220;Globalization, Knowledge Production, and Equity in Educational Access and Outcomes within the North Central States of Nigeria.&#8221; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Edumania-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> 4, no. 1 (2026): 59\u201370. <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9179\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #0563c1; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9179<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">MLA 9th Style<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Gupa, Shuaibu Idris. &#8220;Globalization, Knowledge Production, and Equity in Educational Access and Outcomes within the North Central States of Nigeria.&#8221; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Edumania-An International Multidisciplinary Journal<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, vol. 4, no. 1, 2026, pp. 59-70, <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9179\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #0563c1; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9179<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">.<\/span><\/p>                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                                \n            <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75c025a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75c025a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a40a075\" data-id=\"a40a075\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1883d4 elementor-align-justify elementor-mobile-align-left elementor-widget-tablet__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c1883d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-8f6d7bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8f6d7bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-20a6b59\" data-id=\"20a6b59\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a05db elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74a05db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">DOI: <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9179\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #0563c1; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59231\/edumania\/9179<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Page Numbers: 59\u201370\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Subject: Education Policy \/ Sociology of Education<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-31ef164\" data-id=\"31ef164\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa62729 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fa62729\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Received: October 17, 2025\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Accepted: November 25, 2025\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Published: January 01, 2026<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f41e78 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0f41e78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-744ba4f6-7fff-bae6-6154-d9370c29f288\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;\">Thematic Classification: Globalization in Education, Knowledge Production, Educational Equity, North Central Nigeria, Access and Outcomes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-01cc825 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"01cc825\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-392d9d2\" data-id=\"392d9d2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b25ac3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9b25ac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction <\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-969f936 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"969f936\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Globalization has emerged as one of the most transformative forces of the 21st century, reshaping economic, political, cultural, and educational systems across the world. It is characterized by the intensification of global interconnectivity, technological advancement, and the cross-border exchange of knowledge and ideas (Held &amp; McGrew, 2007). In the educational sector, globalization has redefined how knowledge is produced, shared, and utilized, creating what is often described as the global knowledge economy (Altbach, Reisberg, &amp; Rumbley, 2019). This paradigm emphasizes innovation, competitiveness, and global standards in education delivery and learning outcomes.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The global education space is increasingly driven by competitiveness and innovation. Nations now align their education systems with global standards such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 4), emphasizing equity and lifelong learning (UNESCO, 2020). However, globalization has also led to uneven development in educational access, especially in regions with weak technological and infrastructural bases. For example, countries in Sub-Saharan Africa often struggle to adapt to global trends due to inadequate funding and the digital divide (Obanya, 2019). In Nigeria, globalization has led to significant reforms in curriculum design, teacher education, and the adoption of ICT-based learning. Yet, disparities persist between urban and rural areas in the availability of modern learning tools, digital literacy, and exposure to international knowledge networks (Okebukola, 2022). These inequalities reflect broader global trends where access to global knowledge is stratified by wealth, geography, and institutional capacity (Marginson, 2020).<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Knowledge production in a globalized era extends beyond traditional classroom learning to include digital learning platforms, cross-national research collaborations, and international policy frameworks. These transformations have influenced educational practices, curricula, and institutional governance worldwide (Marginson, 2020). The globalization of education also promotes new forms of collaboration through information and communication technologies (ICT), facilitating open access to global knowledge repositories. However, while globalization offers tremendous opportunities for expanding access to education, it also exacerbates existing inequalities in resource distribution, knowledge access, and learning outcomes (Spring, 2015). According to Robertson (2017), global knowledge production is often dominated by Western academic institutions, leading to epistemic inequality. This dominance limits the representation of local perspectives from developing regions in global research outputs. In Nigeria, for instance, academic research is constrained by poor funding, limited international collaboration, and lack of digital access to scholarly resources (Adebayo &amp; Oloyede, 2021). These conditions contribute to asymmetrical participation in the global knowledge economy. Therefore, promoting indigenous and contextually relevant knowledge production is vital to achieving equity in education. This aligns with the argument by Tikly (2019) that education systems in Africa must balance global engagement with local relevance to decolonize knowledge and promote inclusive development.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Equity in education involves ensuring fairness, inclusion, and justice in educational opportunities and results (UNESCO, 2020). It implies that all learners regardless of gender, socioeconomic background, disability, or geography should have access to quality education and the chance to succeed. According to Ainscow (2020), equity extends beyond access to include the quality and relevance of learning experiences and the fairness of outcomes. Educational inequity manifests through disparities in infrastructure, teacher quality, and resource allocation between urban and rural schools (Nwagwu, 2020). Gender inequality, poverty, and insecurity also contribute to differential educational outcomes (Eme, 2021). The influence of globalization on these inequities can be both positive and negative: while global learning platforms enhance access to knowledge, they may simultaneously widen gaps between connected and disconnected communities (Marginson, 2020). Hence, achieving educational equity in the era of globalization requires context-sensitive policies that integrate technology, local innovation, and inclusive pedagogy to ensure balanced educational development.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">In Nigeria, the effects of globalization on education are multifaceted. They include curriculum reforms to align with global standards, the expansion of ICT in teaching and learning, and the increased influence of international development agencies in educational policy design (Okebukola, 2022). Yet, these advancements have not been equitably distributed across regions. The North Central States\u2014comprising Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger, and Plateau represent a microcosm of Nigeria\u2019s educational diversity and inequality. While some urban centers have benefitted from global educational reforms and digital innovations, rural and marginalized communities continue to face systemic barriers such as poor infrastructure, inadequate teacher training, and limited internet access (Adebayo &amp; Oloyede, 2021).<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The rise of globalization has also influenced the nature of knowledge production within Nigerian education. Western epistemologies dominate global academic discourse, often marginalizing indigenous knowledge systems (Tikly, 2019). This epistemic imbalance leads to dependency on foreign knowledge frameworks, which may not always suit local contexts or promote equitable educational development. The challenge, therefore, lies in creating a balance between global knowledge flows and local relevance, ensuring that education systems in the North Central region contribute meaningfully to both global and indigenous knowledge economies. This study, therefore, seeks to explore how globalization and knowledge production influence educational access and outcomes in the North Central States of Nigeria, with particular attention to issues of equity and social inclusion.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Theoretical Framework<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">This study was anchored on two complementary theories: the World-Systems Theory and the Human Capital Theory. World-Systems Theory (Wallerstein, 1974) this theory illustrates how globalization privileges certain knowledge systems particularly Western epistemologies while marginalizing others. In the North Central States of Nigeria, educational institutions often depend on imported curricula and research models, limiting local innovation and Human Capital Theory by (Becker, 1964) posits that investment in education enhances individual productivity and national development. In a globalized world, education serves as the foundation for building a competitive workforce capable of engaging in the global knowledge economy (Becker, 1964; Schultz, 1971). However, inequitable access to quality education limits the accumulation of human capital and widens socioeconomic disparities. By integrating both theories, this study situates the problem of inequitable educational access and outcomes within both global structural imbalances (as explained by World-Systems Theory) and the local developmental implications as explained by Human Capital Theory.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Statement of the Problem<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Although globalization has expanded the frontiers of knowledge and fostered educational innovation, it has also deepened inequalities in access to and outcomes of education. In the North Central States of Nigeria, educational institutions face significant challenges in integrating global knowledge systems due to inadequate digital infrastructure, insufficient funding, and disparities in teacher competence. While some urban schools benefit from exposure to international curricula and online learning platforms, many rural schools remain disconnected from these global knowledge streams. Furthermore, the dominance of Western knowledge paradigms and the limited capacity for indigenous knowledge production undermine the localization of educational innovation. This results in a system where knowledge consumption outweighs knowledge creation, and where global exposure benefits a few elite institutions while marginalizing others. Consequently, the potential of globalization to enhance educational quality and equity remains unrealized in many parts of the region. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate how globalization and knowledge production processes influence educational equity specifically access and learning outcomes in the North Central States of Nigeria. It aims to identify the underlying barriers, opportunities, and policy implications that shape equitable educational development in a globalized context.<\/span><b id=\"docs-internal-guid-de020489-7fff-83c6-5a29-49b8c583616d\" style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Research Objectives<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The specific objectives are:<\/span><\/p><ol style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\"><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Analyze the influence of globalization on educational access in the North Central States of Nigeria.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Examine how knowledge production influence educational outcomes in North Central Nigeria do.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Identify the level of equity in educational access and outcomes among learners in North Central Nigeria.<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Research Questions<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">To address the problem, the following research questions were raised to be answered:<\/span><\/p><ol style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\"><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">What is the level of globalization in educational access among schools in North Central States, Nigeria?<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">How does knowledge production influence educational outcomes in North Central Nigeria?<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">What is the level of equity in educational access and outcomes among learners in North Central Nigeria?<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0Research Hypotheses<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Based on the objectives and research questions, the following null hypotheses will be tested:<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">H\u2080\u2081:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> There is no significant relationship between globalization and educational equity in the\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0North Central States of Nigeria.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">H\u2080\u2082:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> There is no significant relationship between knowledge production and educational<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0outcomes in North Central Zone, Nigeria<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Methodology<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">This study adopted a mixed-method research design combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The population of the study consisted of all secondary school teachers, students, and educational policymakers in the North Central States of Nigeria. The estimated population was approximately 58,000 individuals, based on data obtained from the Federal Ministry of Education (FME, 2023) and the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS, 2023). A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select participants for the study. At the first stage, three states which include: Benue, Kwara, and Nasarawa were randomly selected to represent the region\u2019s diversity. At the second stage, two Local Government Areas (LGAs) were chosen from each selected state using simple random sampling. The third stage involved the selection of schools and institutions within the chosen LGAs. A total of 600 respondents were sampled, comprising 300 teachers, 250 students, and 50 educational policymakers. This sample size was determined using Research Advisor 2006. Two main instruments were used for data collection: A structured questionnaire titled Globalization, Knowledge Production, and Educational Equity Questionnaire (GKPEEQ) was designed to collect quantitative data with 5-point Likert scale ranging from Strongly Agree (5) to Strongly Disagree (1).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">A semi-structured interview guide was used to obtain qualitative insights from selected policymakers and educators. The instruments were validated through expert review by three professionals in education and research methodology from FCT College of Education Zuba Abuja, Nigeria. The experts evaluated the instruments for content validity, clarity, and relevance to the research objectives. A pilot test was also conducted with 30 respondents outside the study area (in Lokoja, Kogi State). Reliability was determined using Cronbach\u2019s Alpha to assess internal consistency that yielded an overall alpha coefficient of 0.87, indicating a high level of reliability. All data collection processes adhered to ethical standards, ensuring voluntary participation and confidentiality. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics such as mean, and standard deviation were used to answer research questions. Inferential statistics such as Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and multiple regression analysis were employed to test the hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. Qualitative data from interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring themes related to globalization, knowledge production, and equity in education. The integration of both data strands provided comprehensive insights for interpretation.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Results\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Research Question One:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> What is the level of globalization in educational access among schools in North Central States, Nigeria?<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Table 1: Mean and Standard Deviation on Globalization in Educational Access<\/span><\/p><div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\" align=\"center\"><table style=\"border: none; border-collapse: collapse;\"><colgroup><col width=\"415\" \/><col width=\"66\" \/><col width=\"48\" \/><col width=\"109\" \/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr style=\"height: 33.5pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Items<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Mean (x\u0304)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">SD<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Remark<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 17.15pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Access to global learning platforms\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.84<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.96<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">High<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 17.15pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Use of digital tools in teaching<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.72<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.88<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">High<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 17.15pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Exposure to international curricula<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.21<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">1.12<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Moderate<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 17.15pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Teacher participation in global professional networks<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.05<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">1.03<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Moderate<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 17.95pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Overall Mean<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.34<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">1.03<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Moderate<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Source: Fieldwork (2025)<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The results reveal a moderate level of globalization in educational access (x\u0304 = 3.34, SD = 1.03). While digital tools are increasingly used, access to global networks and internet infrastructure remains uneven.<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 531px; height: 157px;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" width=\"531\" height=\"157\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Research Question Two: <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">How does knowledge production influence educational outcomes in North Central Nigeria?<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Table 2: Descriptive Analysis on Knowledge Production and Educational Outcomes<\/span><\/p><div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\" align=\"center\"><table style=\"border: none; border-collapse: collapse;\"><colgroup><col width=\"367\" \/><col width=\"77\" \/><col width=\"59\" \/><col width=\"120\" \/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr style=\"height: 0pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Items<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Mean (x\u0304)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">SD<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Remark<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Research-based teaching practices<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.76<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.94<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">High<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Collaboration between schools and universities<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.42<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">1.06<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Moderate<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Student engagement in innovation projects<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.55<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.91<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Moderate<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Publication and sharing of local knowledge<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.11<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">1.08<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Moderate<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Integration of global research findings into curriculum<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.68<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.85<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">High<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Overall Mean<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.50<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.97<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Moderate-High<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Source: Fieldwork (2025)<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Findings indicate that knowledge production moderately to highly influence educational outcomes, particularly through research-informed teaching and curriculum integration of global content.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Research Question Three:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> What is the level of equity in educational access and outcomes among learners in North Central Nigeria?<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Table 3: Level of Educational Equity<\/span><\/p><div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\" align=\"left\"><table style=\"border: none; border-collapse: collapse;\"><colgroup><col width=\"379\" \/><col width=\"114\" \/><col width=\"66\" \/><col width=\"81\" \/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr style=\"height: 25.3pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Items<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Mean (x\u0304)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">SD<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Remark<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 25.3pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Gender equality in enrollment<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.91<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.83<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">High<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 25.3pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Rural-urban parity in access<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">2.64<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">1.02<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Low<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 25.3pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Accessibility for learners with disabilities<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">2.88<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">1.07<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Low<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 25.3pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Equal resource distribution among schools<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">2.93<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">1.04<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Low<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 25.3pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Inclusiveness of marginalized groups<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.02<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">1.01<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Moderate<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 26.45pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Overall Mean<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.08<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.99<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Moderate<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Source: Fieldwork (2025)<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Equity in educational access and outcomes remains moderate, with persistent disparities between rural and urban schools and limited inclusion for learners with disabilities.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"border: none; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 580px; height: 269px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;\" 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\" width=\"580\" height=\"269\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0Hypotheses Testing<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;\">o1:<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">There is no significant relationship between globalization and educational equity in the North Central States of Nigeria.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Table 3: Correlation between Globalization and Educational Equity in North Central\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Zone, Nigeria<\/span><\/p><div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\" align=\"center\"><table style=\"border: none; border-collapse: collapse;\"><colgroup><col width=\"171\" \/><col width=\"72\" \/><col width=\"64\" \/><col width=\"53\" \/><col width=\"54\" \/><col width=\"70\" \/><col width=\"128\" \/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr style=\"height: 32.4pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Variables<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">N<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-left: -0.05pt; text-indent: -0.05pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">x<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">SD<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">r- Cal<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">p<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">-Value<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Decision<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 61.55pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Globalization<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">564<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.34<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">1.03<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><br \/><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.612<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><br \/><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.000<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><br \/><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Significant<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 34.65pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Educational Equity<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">564<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.08<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">1.00<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Source: Fieldwork (2025)<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Looking at the results in hypothesis 2 (H<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;\">O2<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">), Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used. The result from the responses of the respondents in Table 4 indicated level of globalization in educational access (Mean=3.34, SD= 1.03), and the correlated educational equity<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">(Mean=3.08, SD= 1.00), r (563) = 0.612, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">p<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> =0.000. Thus, since p &lt; 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected. There is a strong positive correlation (r = 0.612) between globalization and educational equity, implying that greater global engagement improves fairness in educational opportunities.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Table 3: Correlation between Knowledge Production and Educational Outcomes in North\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Central Zone, Nigeria<\/span><\/p><div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\" align=\"center\"><table style=\"border: none; border-collapse: collapse;\"><colgroup><col width=\"171\" \/><col width=\"72\" \/><col width=\"64\" \/><col width=\"53\" \/><col width=\"54\" \/><col width=\"70\" \/><col width=\"128\" \/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr style=\"height: 0pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Variables<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">N<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-left: -0.05pt; text-indent: -0.05pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">x<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">SD<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">r- Cal<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">p<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">-Value<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Decision<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Knowledge Production\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">564<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.50<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.97<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><br \/><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.720<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><br \/><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.000<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><br \/><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Significant<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt;\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Educational Outcomes<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">564<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3.68<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.85<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0pt 5.75pt 0pt 5.75pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: solid #000000 1pt;\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Source: Fieldwork (2025)<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">To test Hypothesis 4 (H<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;\">O2<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">), the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was employed. The result from the responses of the respondents in Table 5 indicated Knowledge production (Mean=3.50, SD= 0.97), and the correlated educational outcomes (Mean=3.68, SD= 0.85), r (563) = 0.720, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">p<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> =0.000. Knowledge production explains 46.8% of the variance in educational outcomes (p &lt; 0.05). This suggests that enhanced research activity and innovation directly improve learning achievements and institutional performance.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Discussion of Findings<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The findings reveal that globalization moderately influences educational access, particularly through digital learning platforms and curriculum reforms. The results also show that knowledge production significantly predicts educational outcomes, supporting earlier works by Teferra (2019) and Okebukola (2022) who argued that research-based innovation fosters sustainable educational advancement in Africa. Moreover, the study affirms that equity remains an ongoing challenge in Nigeria\u2019s educational system, echoing UNESCO (2023) findings that global integration can widen inequalities if local contexts are ignored. Therefore, policymakers must ensure that globalization-driven reforms are inclusive and context-sensitive.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The study concludes that globalization and knowledge production are essential but double-edged forces in Nigeria\u2019s educational transformation. While globalization enhances exposure to global knowledge systems, it also risks reinforcing inequalities if local institutions lack capacity to adapt. Knowledge production serves as a bridge that can localize global insights and promote equitable outcomes when adequately supported. Specifically, in the North Central States of Nigeria, globalization has facilitated new learning opportunities but also revealed deep-rooted infrastructural and policy limitations. For sustainable development, it is imperative that educational globalization be contextualized to address local inequities. Hence, sustainable educational futures depend on balancing global integration with inclusive, locally grounded knowledge ecosystems.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Recommendations<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Based on the findings, the following recommendations are made:<\/span><\/p><ol style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\"><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Government and private sectors should invest heavily in ICT infrastructure, internet connectivity, and digital literacy programs across all schools, especially in rural areas. This will ensure equitable participation in global learning networks.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Educational institutions should prioritize research funding, knowledge-sharing platforms, and collaborations that empower local educators to produce and disseminate context-relevant knowledge. Policymakers should strengthen affirmative measures that ensure access for marginalized groups, including girls, rural learners, and persons with disabilities. Education equity policies must align with global frameworks such as SDG 4 (Quality Education).<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-96f4726 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"96f4726\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c9fa486\" data-id=\"c9fa486\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c20444 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6c20444\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Statements and Declarations\n<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-754a320 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"754a320\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Peer-Review Method:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> This article was subjected to a double-blind peer-review process by two independent external reviewers specializing in educational foundations and sociology. This ensures the academic rigor, relevance, and originality of the research regarding educational equity in Nigeria.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Competing Interests:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> The author (Shuaibu Idris Gupa) declares that there are no financial, personal, or professional conflicts of interest that could have influenced the research, data interpretation, or the final conclusions of this study.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Funding:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> This research was conducted independently as part of the author&#8217;s academic duties at the FCT College of Education, Zuba-Abuja. No specific grant or external financial support was received for this work.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Data Availability:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> The data regarding educational access and outcomes in the North Central states of Nigeria utilized in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request, provided that the anonymity of any institutional sources is maintained.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Licence:<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Globalization, Knowledge Production, and Equity in Educational Access and Outcomes within the North Central States of Nigeria<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> \u00a9 2026 by Shuaibu Idris Gupa is licensed under <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. This work is published by the International Council for Education Research and Training (ICERT).<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ethics Approval:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> This study adheres to the ethical standards for social science research. As the research involves an analysis of educational outcomes and globalization trends rather than invasive human experimentation, it was deemed exempt from formal ethical review by the Research Ethics Committee of the FCT College of Education, Zuba-Abuja.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ac2fd5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5ac2fd5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c413d81\" data-id=\"c413d81\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded95cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ded95cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-292ac36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"292ac36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\"><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Adebayo, T., &amp; Oloyede, A. (2021). Digital learning inequality and educational development in Nigeria. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Journal of African Education Studies<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">13<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">(2), 45\u201362.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ainscow, M. (2020). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Struggling for equity in education: The challenge of educational reform<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. 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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Publishing.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Becker, G. S. (1964). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. University of Chicago Press.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Eme, O. (2021). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Socioeconomic determinants of educational inequity in Nigeria<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">African Journal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">of Policy and Education<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, 8(1), 72\u201389.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Federal Ministry of Education (FME). (2023). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Annual education statistics report<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. Government of Nigeria.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Held, D., &amp; McGrew, A. (2007). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Globalization theory: Approaches and controversies<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. Polity Press.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Marginson, S. (2020). Global science and national comparisons: Beyond bibliometrics. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Higher Education<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">79<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">(3), 301\u2013320.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Nwagwu, C. C. (2020). Globalization and the challenges of educational access in Nigeria. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Nigerian<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Journal of Educational Research<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">29<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">(1), 87\u2013104.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Obanya, P. (2019). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The dynamics of educational reforms in Africa<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. HEBN Publishers.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Okebukola, P. (2022). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Education and knowledge society in Africa: The globalization nexus<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. <\/span><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-wrap-mode: wrap;\">Lagos: Lead City University press.<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol><ol style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\" start=\"12\"><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Robertson, S. (2017). Global education governance, policy, and equity. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Comparative Education Review<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">61<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">(2), 217\u2013238.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Schultz, T. W. (1971). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Investment in human capital: The role of education and of research<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. Free Press.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Spring, J. (2015). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Globalization of education: An introduction<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> (2nd ed.). Routledge.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Teferra, D. (2019). Knowledge production and the future of higher education in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Africa<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">International Journal of African Studies<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">17<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">(3), 45\u201359.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Tikly, L. (2019). Education for sustainable development in Africa: A critique of regional frameworks. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">International Journal of Educational Development<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">66<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, 65\u201373.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2020). Global education monitoring report: Inclusion and education. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">All means all<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Publishing<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25pt;\" aria-level=\"1\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.7999999999999998; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" role=\"presentation\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Wallerstein, I. (1974). <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The modern world-system: Capitalist agriculture and the origins of the European world economy in the sixteenth century<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. Academic Press.<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ab8291 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ab8291\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0dafe29\" data-id=\"0dafe29\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fc13312\" data-id=\"fc13312\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f14e8e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-social-share\" data-id=\"f14e8e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-social-share.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" >\t\t<ul class=\"ekit_socialshare\">\n                            <li class=\"elementor-repeater-item-db288b3\" data-social=\"facebook\">\n                    <div class=\"facebook\">\n                        \n                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-facebook\"><\/i>                        \n                                                                                            <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                                            <li class=\"elementor-repeater-item-8c1acc4\" data-social=\"whatsapp\">\n                    <div class=\"whatsapp\">\n                        \n                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" 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peer-reviewed\/ refereed journal, ISSN : 2960-0006 Globalization, Knowledge Production, And Equity In Educational Access And Outcomes Within The North Central States Of Nigeria Gupa, Shuaibu Idris Department of Educational Foundations, School of Education FCT College of Education ZUBA-ABUJA, Nigeria Abstract About Author [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"postBodyCss":"","postBodyMargin":[],"postBodyPadding":[],"postBodyBackground":{"backgroundType":"classic","gradient":""},"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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