the existing examine ambitions to facilitate powerful land use planning to optimize agricultural capacity and ensure sustainable growth via really appropriate land management. Rajasthan famous extensive geographical and local disparities in agricultural productiveness, mainly because of variations in soil excellent and terrain. This examine specializes in Buhana Tehsil in Jhunjhunu district, an area where land fertility differs considerably primarily based on area. eastern and southern districts of the Aravalli variety have notably higher agricultural productivity, at the same time as the western wilderness regions have a huge percentage of land unsuitable for cultivation. therefore, afforestation programs are essential to fight wilderness growth and mitigate land degradation (Sharma & Singh, 2020). International environmental changes are increasingly more pushed by means of populace growth, heightened resource consumption, and advancements in technology and socio-political structures. one of the key manifestations of those differences is the trade in land use and land cover (LULC). while land use refers to human activities and control of land, land cover describes the physical traits of the Earth’s floor. in line with Bullies (1997), LULC changes arise due to various factors, inclusive of demographic pressure, infrastructure improvement, natural disasters, and anthropogenic interventions. preceding studies highlights that those changes may also result from both herbal approaches and human sports, impacting environmental stability and socio-economic conditions (Turner II et al., 1994; Tucker et al., 1991).
Human land use has a long historic trajectory, with good sized adjustments relationship returned over 10,000 years. it’s miles generally defined as the set of sports through which human beings engage with land and ecosystems, shaping environmental consequences. As a critical motive force of worldwide environmental alternate, LULC transformation affects biodiversity, water resources, and weather regulation. the field of land change technological know-how integrates expertise from disciplines inclusive of remote sensing, geography, and political ecology to evaluate styles and outcomes of land changes (Lambin et al., 2001). knowledge those adjustments is crucial for sustainable land control and coverage components.
Numerous studies have examined LULC adjustments in India, particularly in Rajasthan’s Shekhawati vicinity. but, Buhana Tehsil stays underexplored, making this examine precious in filling a studies gap. previous investigations generally targeted on land use inventories and causal relationships between biophysical and socio-economic elements. but, there is a restricted know-how of the spatiotemporal dynamics of LULC adjustments and their capability destiny trajectories. A widespread venture is the scarcity of spatial records, that’s vital for assessing land transformation styles. far flung sensing and Geographic facts gadget (GIS) technologies have tested powerful in reading LULC adjustments. discipline surveys, aerial pictures, and satellite tv for pc imagery provide critical insights into land changes over time. even though subject surveys yield enormously accurate facts, they’re often time-consuming and impractical for huge-scale tests. satellite tv for pc-primarily based far flung sensing, on the other hand, gives a value-effective technique to multi-temporal evaluation, permitting researchers to tune land cover adjustments and their riding elements over time (Lunetta et al., 1999). the combination of GIS with far off sensing enhances spatial evaluation competencies, supporting to identify wherein and why LULC changes occur and how they relate to socio-financial and environmental drivers.
Land use and land cover changes end result from interactions between environmental conditions and human sports. In semi-arid regions like Rajasthan, those adjustments at once affect water sources, agricultural sustainability, and biodiversity. BUHANA Tehsil, an agriculture-established vicinity, has skilled good sized land cover changes inside the past decade. This research evaluates the drivers at the back of these transformations using multi-temporal evaluation, focusing on each natural and socio-financial element.

2. Need for study
Understanding the factors chargeable for LULC modifications is vital for developing powerful land management and conservation strategies. Rajasthan, specially Buhana Tehsil, faces environmental challenges which includes land degradation, water shortage, and declining agricultural productivity. The fast transformation of land use because of population stress, infrastructure development, and shifting agricultural styles needs an in-depth investigation. This examines goals to:
• determine the effect of LULC changes on neighborhood ecosystems and livelihoods.
• provide empirical records to aid sustainable development regulations.
• advocate measures to mitigate poor land use developments and decorate useful resource conservation.
3. Evaluation of Literature
3.1 international views on LULC change
Several research have explored the drivers of LULC changes international. research indicates that land transformation is stimulated by using climatic variability, economic improvement, population boom, and technological advancements. research highlight the significance of multi-temporal evaluation in detecting spatial land use shifts and their outcomes.
3.2 LULC trade in Rajasthan
Past research on Rajasthan’s land use tendencies suggests that groundwater depletion, deforestation, and concrete growth significantly modify land cover. Agricultural intensification, pushed by using authority’s rules and progressed irrigation, has led to the conversion of barren lands into croplands. however, unsustainable practices have also contributed to soil degradation.
3.3 role of far-flung Sensing and GIS in LULC research
Geospatial technology, specifically remote sensing and GIS, have validated effective in monitoring LULC dynamics. Multi-temporal satellite imagery aids in detecting modifications, at the same time as GIS permits spatial analysis of land use tendencies. This study applies that technology to look at LULC versions in BUHANA Tehsil.
4. Study area
Buhana Tehsil is located in Rajasthan and studies a semi-arid weather with erratic rainfall patterns. Agriculture is the primary livelihood, however growing pressure on land assets has caused good sized land use modifications. The study place is selected to analyze how climatic, economic, and social factors have motivated land modifications through the years.
Aims:
• to evaluate the volume and sample of LULC adjustments in Buhana Tehsil from 2012 to 2022.
• To identify the primary factors influencing those modifications, together with climatic, demographic, economic, and coverage-driven elements.
• to evaluate the socio-economic and environmental effects of LULC variations.
• To recommend sustainable land control techniques based totally at the findings.
5. Methodology
5.1 statistics collection
• satellite Imagery: Landsat eight and Sentinel-2 statistics (2012–2022).
• Socio-financial information: population facts, agricultural reviews, and discipline surveys.
• weather facts: Rainfall and temperature tendencies acquired from meteorological assets.
5.2 data Processing and analysis
• Pre-processing: image correction, geo-referencing, and cloud elimination.
• LULC category: Supervised classification to categorize land into agriculture, built-up regions, water our bodies, and barren land.
• exchange Detection: Comparative analysis of LULC maps to discover land cover shifts.
• GIS Mapping: Visualization of spatial traits in LULC modifications.

6. Effects and evaluation
6.1 LULC modifications (2012–2022)
Analysis exhibits large land cover transitions:
• Agricultural growth: accelerated cropland because of advanced irrigation and mechanization.
• Urbanization: enlargement of constructed-up regions due to population boom.
• Deforestation and flowers Loss: Shrinking green cover because of land conversion for settlements and farming.
• Water frame modifications: Seasonal variations in water our bodies connected to rainfall fluctuations.
6.2 Drivers of LULC change
6.2.1 Climatic elements
• Rainfall Variability: changing monsoon styles affecting agriculture.
• Temperature increase: growing temperatures contributing to soil moisture loss.

6.2.2 Policy and Institutional elements
• government Interventions: Land use regulations influencing agricultural and settlement patterns.
• Land possession adjustments: Privatization and land redistribution affecting land use selections.

6.2.3 Socio-monetary factors
• populace increase: multiplied demand for residential and agricultural land.
• Agricultural Intensification: Adoption of commercial farming practices.
• Infrastructure development: enlargement of street networks and business zones.
7. Discussion
The take a look at highlights that land use adjustments in Buhana Tehsil are pushed by way of a couple of factors, with human activities gambling a dominant function. Agricultural expansion has caused higher productiveness but additionally extended groundwater extraction and soil degradation. Urbanization has encroached on fertile lands, posing demanding situations for food protection. climate fluctuations have similarly annoyed land use challenges via influencing crop yields and water availability.
To mitigate those challenges, a balanced land control strategy is needed, incorporating:
• Sustainable farming techniques to prevent soil degradation.
• deliberate urban enlargement to reduce encroachment on agricultural land.
• Afforestation projects to restore lost plant life cover.
• Water conservation techniques to deal with declining groundwater degrees.
8.Findings,  Conclusion and recommendations
8.1 Findings
The findings imply that LULC changes in BUHANA Tehsil are formed by means of agricultural growth, urban increase, and climatic variability. The shift in land use has giant ecological and socio-monetary implications. Sustainable land management practices are essential to stability improvement and conservation efforts.
8.2 recommendations
• Adoption of Water-green Agriculture: implementing drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting.
• urban making plans guidelines: ensuring managed enlargement of settlements.
• Reforestation and Land Rehabilitation: Encouraging network-pushed afforestation initiatives.
• weather version techniques: promoting drought-resistant plants and soil conservation.