“Exploring Women Empowerment through the Female Characters in Laapataa Ladies: A Narrative Analysis of Agency, Resistance, and Identity”
Dr. Dhanya Shankar K S,
Assistant Professor, Dept of Economics, St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala
Dr. Dhanya Shankar K. S. is working as Assistant Professor in Economics and university of Calicut approved Research Guide in Economics. A State first-rank holder in Plus-Two, BA Economics, and MA Economics, she has made significant contributions to research in socio-economic studies, human capital formation, and public policy. She has successfully led UGC Research Projects, mentored research scholars, and published extensively in reputed journals. As an expert in statistical tools, she brings valuable analytical insights to her research. She has also been a resource person for seminars, workshops, and faculty development programmes, contributing to academic discourse. she has received multiple awards for academics and cultural excellence including FLAIR International Award by Govt of Kerala and British Council, APTIS, TIPE, RANK Award by Air India, APJ Abdul Kalam Award of Excellence, Global Women Icon Award, UGC Merit Award for RANK holder etc. Beyond academics, Dr. Dhanya is deeply committed to student welfare and social outreach. She has held key positions such as NSS Programme Officer, Head of the Department, Chairperson of the Board of Studies of St. Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thrissur, and UGC Women Development Cell Coordinator, actively engaging in extension initiatives like blood donation drives, government awareness campaigns, and financial inclusion programmes. A multi-talented artist, she is a trained Carnatic violinist and flutist, earning accolades such as Kalathilakam and Sargaprathibha. Through her dedication to education, research, and community service, she continues to inspire and shape future generations.
This narrative analysis of Laapataa Ladies provides a critical lens to explore how contemporary popular media can serve as a powerful tool for deconstructing patriarchal norms. By meticulously examining the agency, resistance, and evolving identities of the film’s female protagonists, this study moves beyond surface-level film critique to offer a nuanced understanding of subaltern narratives in mainstream cinema. The findings are significant for the fields of gender studies and feminist media criticism, as they demonstrate how subtle acts of defiance and self-discovery within a fictional framework can reflect and influence real-world social change. Ultimately, this work contributes to a broader academic and public discourse on women’s empowerment, highlighting the vital role of narrative in shaping cultural perceptions of identity and challenging traditional roles.
APA 7th Edition:
Shankar, K. S., D. (2025). Exploring Women Empowerment through the Female Characters in Laapataa Ladies: A Narrative Analysis of Agency, Resistance, and Identity. Eduphoria – An International Multidisciplinary Magazine, 3(3), 53-58. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.59231/EDUPHORIA/230431
MLA 9th Edition:
Shankar, Dhanya K. S. “Exploring Women Empowerment through the Female Characters in Laapataa Ladies: A Narrative Analysis of Agency, Resistance, and Identity.” Eduphoria – An International Multidisciplinary Magazine, vol. 3, no. 3, 2025, pp. 53-58. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.59231/EDUPHORIA/230431
Chicago (17th Edition) Notes-Bibliography Style:
Shankar, Dhanya K. S. “Exploring Women Empowerment through the Female Characters in Laapataa Ladies: A Narrative Analysis of Agency, Resistance, and Identity.” Eduphoria – An International Multidisciplinary Magazine 3, no. 3 (2025): 53-58. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.59231/EDUPHORIA/230431
Abstract
Laapataa Ladies revolves around two young brides who lose themselves during a train ride. This paper examines the portrayal of women empowerment through the female characters in Laapataa Ladies, a 2023 film directed by Kiran Rao and written by Biplab Goswami. The narrative captures the challenges, agency, and resistance of women in the socio-cultural context of rural India, providing a nuanced understanding of identity formation and gender dynamics. Using feminist theory and narrative analysis, this paper explores how the film constructs female agency, represents resistance against patriarchal norms, and redefines traditional notions of identity and empowerment. Through narrative analysis, this paper examines how portrays empowerment using humor and satire. By delving into the lives of its protagonists, the study investigates their self-determination and defiance in challenging societal norms, ultimately contributing to a broader discourse on gender equality.
Keywords: Agency, Resistance, Identity, Feminism, Women Empowerment
1. Introduction
The concept of women empowerment has been a central theme in global socio- political discourse, reflecting the ongoing struggles and achievements of women in diverse cultural contexts. Cinema, as a cultural artifact, offers a powerful medium to interrogate and challenge gender norms. Laapataa Ladies, directed by Kiran Rao, stands out as a narrative that centers on the lives of two women who navigate their agency, resist patriarchal restrictions, and redefine their identities amidst an unconventional and humorous backdrop. This research paper employs a narrative analysis approach to critically examine how the film portrays women empowerment through its characters and plot. The study investigates three primary themes: the articulation of agency, manifestations of resistance, and the reconstruction of identity in
the lives of the female protagonists. The paper also contextualizes these themes within the socio-political landscape of contemporary India.
2. Background and Context
2.1. Women in Indian Cinema
Indian cinema has historically been both a reflection and critique of societal norms. While early
portrayals often confined women to traditional roles of sacrifice, motherhood, and servitude,
contemporary filmmakers have increasingly highlighted themes of empowerment, independence, and resilience. Films like Kahaani, Queen, and Pink have paved the way for nuanced depictions of women’s agency and struggles.
2.2. Kiran Rao’s Feminist Lens
Kiran Rao, known for her nuanced storytelling and feminist perspective, has consistently challenged societal norms through her work. Laapataa Ladies exemplifies her ability to blend humor with profound social critique, presenting a fresh lens to explore gender dynamics. Written by Biplab Goswami, the film situates its narrative in a rural setting, amplifying the challenges faced by women in patriarchal structures while highlighting their resilience.
2.3. The Premise of Laapataa Ladies
Set in 2001 rural India, Laapataa Ladies follows the journey of two young brides who are
accidentally “lost” during a train journey. Through their humorous yet poignant adventures, the film delves into themes of gender inequality, marital expectations, and the quest for personal freedom. The protagonists’ interactions with other characters serve as a microcosm of broader societal dynamics, making the film a fertile ground for exploring women empowerment.
3. Theoretical Framework
3.1. Feminist Film Theory
Feminist film theory provides the analytical lens to examine the representation of women in
Laapataa Ladies. The framework critiques the male gaze and seeks to uncover how women
navigate agency within patriarchal structures. Laura Mulvey’s concept of “to-be-looked-at-ness” and bell hooks’ notion of “oppositional gaze” are particularly relevant to understanding the protagonists’ subversion of traditional gender roles
3.2. Narrative Analysis
Narrative analysis focuses on the structure, themes, and character development within the film. By examining the protagonists’ journeys, this method highlights how the narrative constructs
empowerment and resistance.
3.3. Intersectionality
Kimberlé Crenshaw’s concept of intersectionality underscores the interconnectedness of gender, class, and cultural identity in shaping women’s experiences. This framework is crucial to analyzing how the rural backdrop of Laapataa Ladies influences the protagonists’ struggles and triumphs. In 1989, Crenshaw coined the term intersectionality in her essay “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics” as a way to help explain the oppression of African-American women.
4. Analysis of Agency, Resistance, and Identity
4.1 Agency: Redefining Power and Choice
The protagonists of Laapataa Ladies challenge the traditional notion of women as passive subjects. Their journey from dependency to self-reliance is marked by moments of assertiveness and decision-making, reflecting their agency.
• Rani’s Journey to Independence: Rani, one of the protagonists, initially conforms to
societal expectations as a young bride. However, her separation from her husband acts as
a catalyst for self-discovery. Her decisions, from navigating unfamiliar terrains to asserting
her desires, signify a reclaiming of agency.
• Phool’s Defiance: In contrast, Phool embodies a rebellious spirit from the outset. Her
refusal to adhere to patriarchal norms, such as submissiveness, highlights her agency. Her
interactions with male characters reveal her ability to assert her autonomy despite societal
constraints.
4.2 Resistance: Challenging Patriarchal Norms
Resistance is a recurring theme in Laapataa Ladies, as the protagonists navigate societal
expectations and limitations.
• Marital Expectations: The film critiques the institution of marriage as a site of gender
inequality. Both Rani and Phool challenge the notion that their identities are solely defined
by their roles as wives.
• Humour as Resistance: The use of humour in the film serves as a subversive tool, allowing
the characters to undermine oppressive structures while maintaining relatability and
accessibility.
4.3 Identity: The Quest for Selfhood
The narrative of Laapataa Ladies revolves around the protagonists’ journey toward self-realization
and identity formation.
• Breaking Stereotypes: The film subverts stereotypes of rural women as submissive and
dependent. Rani and Phool’s diverse personalities showcase the multifaceted nature of
women’s identities.
• Intersectional Realities: The characters’ identities are shaped by their rural backgrounds,
class positions, and gendered experiences. These intersecting factors add depth to them
empowerment journeys.
5. Cinematic Techniques and Their Role in Narration
5.1. Visual Representation
The cinematography of Laapataa Ladies emphasizes the protagonists’ emotional landscapes and physical journeys. Close-ups and wide shots are used to capture moments of vulnerability and triumph.
5.2. Dialogues and Language
The dialogues blend humour with social critique, reflecting the characters’ wit and resilience. The use of regional dialects grounds the narrative in its cultural context.
5.3. Music and Symbolism
The soundtrack of Laapataa Ladies complements the narrative, using folk music to highlight the cultural backdrop. Symbolism, such as the train journey, represents the characters’ transitions and transformations.
6. Implications for Women Empowerment
6.1 Cultural Significance
The film contributes to the discourse on women empowerment by highlighting the complexities of rural women’s lives. It challenges urban-centric narratives and emphasizes the importance of context-specific empowerment.
6.2 Broader Lessons
Laapataa Ladies underscores the importance of agency, resistance, and identity in achieving empowerment. The protagonists’ journeys serve as inspirations for real- world struggles against gender inequality.
Conclusion
Laapataa Ladies is a compelling exploration of women empowerment through its portrayal of
agency, resistance, and identity. The film’s nuanced narrative, rooted in the socio-cultural realities of rural India, offers a fresh perspective on gender dynamics. By challenging patriarchal norms and celebrating female resilience, it contributes to the broader discourse on empowerment. Through its humor, relatability, and depth, Laapataa Ladies serves as a reminder of the power of storytelling in shaping social change.
References
Chatterjee, P. (2023). Women in Indian cinema: Challenges and changes. Journal of Gender Studies.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex. University of Chicago Legal Forum.
Hooks, b. (1992). The oppositional gaze: Black female spectators. Black looks: Race and representation
Internet source, Wikipedia, ChatGPT.
Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual pleasure and narrative cinema. Screen, 16(3), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/16.3.6
Rao, K., & Goswami, B. (2023). Laapataa ladies [Film].